A new power flow model and solution methodߞIncluding load and generator characteristics and effects of system control devices

Generalized State Estimation of Flexible AC Power Systems Considering Wind Generators and Primary Frequency Control

“…Since the variables s and R ext are directly correlated by one single equation, the total resistance R X of the rotor circuit has been considered to be the WTG's state variable to be estimated. Based on the information mentioned above, the active and reactive powers at the generator's terminals are given by (13) and (14) [9], while the current phasor in rectangular components is given by (15) and (16) …”

“…This frequency deviation from its nominal value is estimated in the proposed approach based on the generator and load models proposed in [14], which are reported below. In order to consider the governor's effect on the power generation, the estimated active power generated by the ith machine is given by [14],…”

“…Bearing this in mind, the second contribution of the proposed approach is that it permits estimating the system operating point after the action of the primary frequency regulation by considering the frequency deviation as a state variable to be estimated. For this purpose, we assume that only conventional generators participate in frequency regulation as well as the voltage and frequency dependence of loads [10,14].…”

Chance-Constrained Real-Time Dispatch with Renewable Uncertainty Based on Dynamic Load Flow

“…With DLF, first proposed in [9], generator-demand unbalanced power is allocated among all generators with speed controllers, but this model cannot obtain the system frequency. In [10,11], the steady-state frequency is taken as an unknown variable in DLF computation. Reference [12] applied DLF to simulate the plunge and upsurge of wind power, and showed that the power flow results obtained by DLF can be more accurate when the injected power fluctuates, but the uncertainty of wind energy should also be considered in DLF in modern power systems.…”

Optimal dynamic load shedding policy for generation load imbalances including characteristics of loads

“…Anoop Nanda has developed an under-voltage load shedding scheme based on Lyapunov's energy methods where the derived energy function eliminates the need to calculate the critical equilibrium points. A power flow model, load shedding and solution method including load and generator characteristic with effects of system control devices have been presented by Okamura (1975) and Palaniswamy (1985). El-Hawary (1990, 1985 and Venkataramona (1995) have studied load models and their effects on power system performance.…”