A new pulse endor technique

Davies, E.R.

doi:10.1016/0375-9601(74)90078-4

Cited by 402 publications

(193 citation statements)

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“…Alternatively, ESE-ENDOR can also be used to target ESEEM-active nuclei as well. Pulse sequences introduced by Davies (1974) and by Mims (1965) have been applied to the PSII Mn cluster (figure 2). The Davies sequence is typically preferable for large couplings, while the Mims sequence provides ESE-ENDOR access to relatively weak couplings.…”

Section: Pulsed Epr Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulations of the ¹ H electron spin echo–electron nuclear double resonance and ² H electron spin echo envelope modulation spectra of exchangeable hydrogen nuclei coupled to the S ₂ –state photosystem II manganese cluster

Aznar

Britt

2002

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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The pulsed EPR methods of electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) and electron spin echoelectron nuclear double resonance (ESE-ENDOR) are used to investigate the proximity of exchangeable hydrogens around the paramagnetic S 2 -state Mn cluster of the photosystem II oxygen-evolving complex. Although ESEEM and ESE-ENDOR are both pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance techniques, the specific mechanisms by which nuclear spin transitions are observed are quite different. We are able to generate good simulations of both 1 H ESE-ENDOR and 2 H ESEEM signatures of exchangeable hydrogens at the S 2 -state cluster. The convergence of simulation parameters for both methods provides a high degree of confidence in the simulations. Several exchangeable protons-deuterons with strong dipolar couplings are observed. In the simulations, two of the close (Ϸ2.5 Å ) hydrogen nuclei exhibit strong isotropic couplings and are therefore most probably associated with direct substrate ligation to paramagnetic Mn. Another two of the close (Ϸ2.7 Å ) hydrogen nuclei show no isotropic couplings and are therefore most probably not contained in Mn ligands. We suggest that these proximal hydrogens may be associated with a Ca 2ϩ -bound substrate, as indicated in recent mechanistic proposals for O 2 formation.

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Section: Pulsed Epr Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulations of the ¹ H electron spin echo–electron nuclear double resonance and ² H electron spin echo envelope modulation spectra of exchangeable hydrogen nuclei coupled to the S ₂ –state photosystem II manganese cluster

Aznar

Britt

2002

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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“…Whilst this could be achieved in a number of ways 23,24 , we make use of the fact that the donor electrons are nearly entirely polarized by implementing a simple swap pulse sequence (π(f e 2 ) -π(f n 1 )) (Ref. 31), similar to the sequence used in recent related work 11,25,26 ,which results in an excess of nuclear spin up.…”

Section: Electrically Detecting Nuclear Spin Hahn Echoesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrically detected spin echoes of donor nuclei in silicon

et al. 2012

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The ability to probe the spin properties of solid state systems electrically underlies a wide variety of emerging technology. Here, we demonstrate electrical readout of the nuclear spin states of phosphorus donors in silicon in the coherent regime with modified Hahn echo sequences. We find that, whilst the nuclear spins have electrically detected phase coherence times exceeding 2 ms, they are nonetheless limited by the artificially shortened lifetime of the probing donor electron.

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“…Therefore, in the steady state only levels associated with parallel orientations of 31 P e -P b0 pairs are occupied [9] with a probability of 1/4 each. We neglect the polarization of the spin system at first.The presented pulsed EDENDOR experiments are based on the Davies pulse sequence for conventional pulsed ENDOR [12]. At first, we describe the EDEN-DOR experiments assuming that no recombination occurs on the timescale of the pulse sequence.…”

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confidence: 99%

Electrical Detection of Coherent Nuclear Spin Oscillations in Phosphorus-Doped Silicon using Pulsed ENDOR

et al. 2011

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We demonstrate the electrical detection of pulsed X-band Electron Nuclear Double Resonance (ENDOR) in phosphorus-doped silicon at 5 K. A pulse sequence analogous to Davies ENDOR in conventional electron spin resonance is used to measure the nuclear spin transition frequencies of the 31 P nuclear spins, where the 31 P electron spins are detected electrically via spin-dependent transitions through Si/SiO2 interface states, thus not relying on a polarization of the electron spin system. In addition, the electrical detection of coherent nuclear spin oscillations is shown, demonstrating the feasibility to electrically read out the spin states of possible nuclear spin qubits.Control and readout of electron spin states in solids are well established down to the single spin level [1,2]. In contrast, the readout of nuclear spin states has mostly been limited to optical techniques [3,4]. However, for nanostructures not exhibiting luminescence, an electrical readout scheme is required. Electrical detection of nuclear magnetic resonance has been performed on e.g. two-dimensional electron gases, identifying the origin of the Overhauser field [5], and the electrical readout of nuclear spin states has been achieved for this system [6]. In phosphorus-doped silicon, McCamey et al. [7] have recently demonstrated the electrical readout of nuclear spins at 8.6 T. While both these studies employ highly polarized spin systems for the readout, we make use of a spin-dependent recombination process via Si/SiO 2 interface states [8]; this approach does not rely on a polarization of the electron spin system and thus works under experimental conditions where the thermal energy is much larger than the electron Zeeman splitting [9]. We here demonstrate the electrical detection of coherent nuclear spin oscillations in phosphorus-doped silicon using pulsed Electrically Detected Electron Nuclear Double Resonance (EDENDOR) at 0.3 T using X-band frequencies (10 GHz). Outside the framework of quantum computation, pulsed EDENDOR could become a valuable spectroscopic tool for the characterization of point defects in semiconductors combining the high sensitivity of continuous-wave EDENDOR [10] with the reduction of the dynamic complexity of the coupled electron and nuclear spin systems via pulsed spectroscopy [11].The basic principle of pulsed EDENDOR is depicted in Fig. 1. For the 31 P donor in silicon to be investigated, its electron spin 31 P e with S = 1/2, its nuclear spin 31 P n with I = 1/2, and their hyperfine coupling give rise to a four-level system. For the electrical readout we use a spin-to-charge conversion mechanism based on a spin-dependent recombination involving the 31 P donor electron and the P b0 center (S = 1/2) at the Si/SiO 2 interface [8]. Accounting for the two orientations of the P b0 spin, we sketch the eight different states for the three involved spins in panel (i), indicating the occupation of the different states by the gray bars. Due to the Pauli principle, spin pairs with antiparallel spins recombine while the pairs w...

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A new pulse endor technique

Cited by 402 publications

References 2 publications

Simulations of the ¹ H electron spin echo–electron nuclear double resonance and ² H electron spin echo envelope modulation spectra of exchangeable hydrogen nuclei coupled to the S ₂ –state photosystem II manganese cluster

Simulations of the ¹ H electron spin echo–electron nuclear double resonance and ² H electron spin echo envelope modulation spectra of exchangeable hydrogen nuclei coupled to the S ₂ –state photosystem II manganese cluster

Electrically detected spin echoes of donor nuclei in silicon

Electrical Detection of Coherent Nuclear Spin Oscillations in Phosphorus-Doped Silicon using Pulsed ENDOR

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A new pulse endor technique

Cited by 402 publications

References 2 publications

Simulations of the 1 H electron spin echo–electron nuclear double resonance and 2 H electron spin echo envelope modulation spectra of exchangeable hydrogen nuclei coupled to the S 2 –state photosystem II manganese cluster

Simulations of the 1 H electron spin echo–electron nuclear double resonance and 2 H electron spin echo envelope modulation spectra of exchangeable hydrogen nuclei coupled to the S 2 –state photosystem II manganese cluster

Electrically detected spin echoes of donor nuclei in silicon

Electrical Detection of Coherent Nuclear Spin Oscillations in Phosphorus-Doped Silicon using Pulsed ENDOR

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Simulations of the ¹ H electron spin echo–electron nuclear double resonance and ² H electron spin echo envelope modulation spectra of exchangeable hydrogen nuclei coupled to the S ₂ –state photosystem II manganese cluster

Simulations of the ¹ H electron spin echo–electron nuclear double resonance and ² H electron spin echo envelope modulation spectra of exchangeable hydrogen nuclei coupled to the S ₂ –state photosystem II manganese cluster