For more than two decades, participatory mechanisms have often been invoked as quasi-policy instruments to counterbalance a deficit of legitimacy surrounding political representation. Scientific literature has widely investigated this process. Empirical studies have documented it. However, a blind spot remains. How does this process influence the role of citizens when they are called to sanction political decisions concerning risks, decisions to which they have been at least partly associated? This paper innovatively combines theories of democracy and sequential policy analysis to investigate the articulation of participation and representation when risk issues are regulated. This paper's theoretical reflection is documented through the example of GMO policy in Europe and, more specifically, in Belgium. This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.Risk, democracy and schizophrenia: the changing roles of citizens in risk policy-making putting GMO policy to the test For more than two decades, participatory mechanisms have often been invoked as quasi-policy instruments to counterbalance a deficit of legitimacy surrounding political representation. Scientific literature has widely investigated this process. Empirical studies have documented it. However, a blind spot remains. How does this process influence the role of citizens when they are called to sanction political decisions concerning risks, decisions to which they have been at least partly associated? This paper innovatively combines theories of democracy and sequential policy analysis to investigate the articulation of participation and representation when risk issues are regulated. This paper's theoretical reflection is documented through the example of GMO policy in Europe and, more specifically, in Belgium.Keywords: risk; democracy; policy
IntroductionThis article investigates the link between democracy, risk and public policy. Each concept owns a niche in the scientific literature. There is also a crossover between theories of democracy and policy analysis. Policy analysis often considers democracy to be a fundamental frame for public decisions. Weale (2007, 18-23) defines democracy as a regime where public policies depend upon the opinion of its citizens. Muller and Surel (1998, 33-41) show that such a relationship between citizens and decision-makers can be shap...