A new solution for an old problem: the regiochemical distribution of the acyl chains in galactolipids can be established by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Guella, Graziano; Frassanito, Rita; Mancini, Ines

doi:10.1002/rcm.1142

Cited by 131 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The fatty acyl groups were identified based on the fragments deriving from neutral loss (NL) of individual fatty acyl groups. Fragments corresponding to the NL of sn-2 fatty acyl groups are known to yield lower abundances than those from the NL of sn-1/3 fatty acyl groups (Guella et al, 2003); thus, the abundances of tandem mass spectrometry product fragments were used for regiochemical determination.…”

Section: Lipid Analysis and Quantification With Esi-msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phospholipid:Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Is a Multifunctional Enzyme Involved in Membrane Lipid Turnover and Degradation While Synthesizing Triacylglycerol in the Unicellular Green Microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

et al. 2012

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Many unicellular microalgae produce large amounts (;20 to 50% of cell dry weight) of triacylglycerols (TAGs) under stress (e.g., nutrient starvation and high light), but the synthesis and physiological role of TAG are poorly understood. We present detailed genetic, biochemical, functional, and physiological analyses of phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT) in the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which catalyzes TAG synthesis via two pathways: transacylation of diacylglycerol (DAG) with acyl groups from phospholipids and galactolipids and DAG:DAG transacylation. We demonstrate that PDAT also possesses acyl hydrolase activities using TAG, phospholipids, galactolipids, and cholesteryl esters as substrates. Artificial microRNA silencing of PDAT in C. reinhardtii alters the membrane lipid composition, reducing the maximum specific growth rate. The data suggest that PDAT-mediated membrane lipid turnover and TAG synthesis is essential for vigorous growth under favorable culture conditions and for membrane lipid degradation with concomitant production of TAG for survival under stress. The strong lipase activity of PDAT with broad substrate specificity suggests that this enzyme could be a potential biocatalyst for industrial lipid hydrolysis and conversion, particularly for biofuel production.

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Section: Lipid Analysis and Quantification With Esi-msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phospholipid:Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Is a Multifunctional Enzyme Involved in Membrane Lipid Turnover and Degradation While Synthesizing Triacylglycerol in the Unicellular Green Microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

et al. 2012

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“…Under this chromatographic setup, lipid molecular species were separated primarily according to the hydrophobicity of their acyl chains. Details are reported in Guella et al (2003). Hydrophilic Interaction LIquid Chromatography (HILIC) was also used to establish the membrane lipid class composition based on the different polarity of lipids head groups (aneSi & Guella 2015).…”

Section: Molecular Data Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifaceted characterization of a Lemanea fluviatilis population (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta) from a glacial stream in the south-eastern Alps

Saber¹,

Cantonati²,

Vis³

et al. 2016

Fottea

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Abstract:The aim of this study was a combined and multifaceted characterization (morphological, molecular, lipid, pigment, and ecological data) of a Lemanea (freshwater red alga) population from the south-eastern Alps, exploring its adaptive strategies to the montane habitat, (turbulent, very-cold glacial stream with extremely low-conductivity). Although the thalli were small (only up to 1 cm), the morphology was within the current circumscription of Lemanea fluviatilis. The molecular data placed this population within a clade of specimens identified as L. fluviatilis and L. fucina. This L. fluviatilis population was determined to possess lipid classes, especially phosphatidylcholine and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol with high unsaturation index (UI) and long acyl chains, which are typical adaptations for maintaining adequate membrane fluidity and consequently all the metabolic processes associated to the plasma membrane. The carotenoids profile revealed that, besides α /β-carotene, there are significant amounts of zeaxanthin and lutein. This study further demonstrated that red algae are a rich source of important food web w-3 fatty acids and may play an important role in the diets of grazers. L. fluviatilis is reported from one of the highest elevations (2,170 m a.s.l.) known for the genus Lemanea and this species. This study confirms the presence of L. fluviatilis in a cold, unpolluted, turbulent stream and this type of stream may be its preferred habitat.

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“…The positions of the acyl chains (sn-1 or sn-2) were determined by their relative percent compositions according to a variation of the procedure (i.e. similar conditions on a different instrument) established by Guella et al (2003).…”

Section: Mass Spectrometry Of Galactolipidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol composition of dinoflagellates. VI. Biochemical and genomic comparison of galactolipid biosynthesis betweenChromera velia(Chromerida), a photosynthetic alveolate with red algal plastid ancestry, and the dinoflagellate,Lingulodinium polyedrum

Dahmen

Khadka

Dodson

et al. 2013

European Journal of Phycology

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Chromera velia is a recently discovered, photosynthetic, free-living alveolate that is the closest free-living relative to nonphotosynthetic apicomplexan parasites. Most plastids, regardless of their origin, have membranes composed chiefly of two galactolipids, mono-and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG and DGDG, respectively). Because of the hypothesized shared red algal origin between the plastids of C. velia and dinoflagellates, our primary objectives were to examine how growth temperature affects MGDG and DGDG composition via positive-ion electrospray/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) and positive ion/electrospray/ mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS/MS), and to examine galactolipid biosynthetic genes to determine if shared ancestry translates into shared MGDG and DGDG composition. When growing at 20°C, C. velia produces eicosapentaenoic acidrich 20:5(n-3)/20:5(n-3) (sn-1/sn-2) MGDG and 20:5(n-3)/20:5(n-3) DGDG as its primary galactolipids, with relative percentage compositions of approximately 35 and 60%, respectively. At 30°C these are lessened by approximately 5 and 8%, respectively, by the corresponding production of 20:5/20:4 forms of these lipids. The presence of 20:5 at the sn-1 position is similar to what has been observed previously in a cluster of peridinin-containing dinoflagellates, but the presence of 20:5(n-3) at the sn-2 position is extremely rare. Thus, the forms of MGDG and DGDG in C. velia displayed similarities and differences to what has been observed in peridinin-containing dinoflagellates, such as Lingulodinium polyedrum, which produces 20:5/18:5 and 20:5/18:4 as the major forms of MGDG and DGDG. We develop conceptual models from the galactolipids observed and galactolipid-relevant gene annotations to explain the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing MGDG and DGDG in both L. polyedrum and C. velia.

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A new solution for an old problem: the regiochemical distribution of the acyl chains in galactolipids can be established by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Cited by 131 publications

References 29 publications

Phospholipid:Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Is a Multifunctional Enzyme Involved in Membrane Lipid Turnover and Degradation While Synthesizing Triacylglycerol in the Unicellular Green Microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Phospholipid:Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Is a Multifunctional Enzyme Involved in Membrane Lipid Turnover and Degradation While Synthesizing Triacylglycerol in the Unicellular Green Microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Multifaceted characterization of a Lemanea fluviatilis population (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta) from a glacial stream in the south-eastern Alps

Mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol composition of dinoflagellates. VI. Biochemical and genomic comparison of galactolipid biosynthesis betweenChromera velia(Chromerida), a photosynthetic alveolate with red algal plastid ancestry, and the dinoflagellate,Lingulodinium polyedrum

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