A new strain of white spot syndrome virus affecting <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> in Indian shrimp farms

Sivakumar, S.; Vimal, S.; Majeed, Shahid; Kumar, S. Santhosh; Taju, G.; Madan, N.; Rajkumar, T.; Thamizhvanan, S; Shamsudheen, K. V.; Scaria, Vinod; Sivasubbu, Sridhar; Hameed, A.S. Sahul

doi:10.1111/jfd.12811

Cited by 21 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Behera et al (2018) reported for the first time the occurrence of TiLV in Nile tilapia farms in India. Change in the genome of WSSV of shrimp was observed in L. vannamei after its introduction to Indian shrimp culture system (Sivakumar et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro propagation of tilapia lake virus in cell lines developed from Oreochromis mossambicus

Nanthini¹,

Majeed²,

Vimal³

et al. 2019

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Tilapia lake virus (TiLV)‐suspected samples of tilapia were collected from grow‐out ponds located with clinical signs and mortality ranged from 5% to 50%. The reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) assay revealed the presence of TiLV in the disease outbreak ponds. Cell lines were developed from heart, gill and eye of Mozambique tilapia and characterized. Morphologically, these cell lines are composed of epithelioid cells. The optimum growth of these cells was observed at 28°C and 20% concentration of FBS. After cryopreservation, 70%–90% of cells were found to be viable. The cells of all three cell lines were found to be positive to fibronectin and pancytokeratin. PCR amplification of 16S rRNA and COI of O. mossambicus confirmed the origin of these cell lines from O. mossambicus. Heart and gill cell lines were found to be highly susceptible to TiLV and found to be useful for its isolation from infected fish samples. The experimental infection was carried out in O. niloticus and O. mossambicus using the TiLV propagated in susceptible cell lines. The RT‐PCR results revealed the presence of TiLV in brain, gill, liver, kidney, spleen, eye, muscle, intestine and heart of experimentally infected O. niloticus and O. mossambicus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro propagation of tilapia lake virus in cell lines developed from Oreochromis mossambicus

Nanthini¹,

Majeed²,

Vimal³

et al. 2019

Journal of Fish Diseases

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“…They found substantial differences between the two time periods and also the two host species, with the later viruses showing large deletions compared to the earlier viruses. Major deletions of redundant genes have also been noted in other regions in recent years [18, 30, 52, 54], and the deletion sites reported for the newer Indian strains were among those reported for WSSV-AU [18, 51].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…P. vannamei was introduced in 2001 from Taiwan [35], but not on a large commercial scale until circa 2009 [50]. Sivakumar et al (2018) [51] compared WSSV sequences in Indian prawns from both prior to and after the large-scale introduction of P. vannamei and the subsequent disease in P. vannamei . They found substantial differences between the two time periods and also the two host species, with the later viruses showing large deletions compared to the earlier viruses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global distribution of white spot syndrome virus genotypes determined using a novel genotyping assay

Oakey¹,

Smith²,

Underwood³

et al. 2019

Arch Virol

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White spot disease, caused by infection with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), is a serious panzootic affecting prawn aquaculture. The disease has spread rapidly around the prawn-culturing regions of the world through a number of previously identified mechanisms. The ability to distinguish and trace strains of WSSV is of great benefit to identify, and then limit, the translocation routes of the disease. Here, we describe a novel genotyping method using 34 short tandem repeat regions of the viral genome concurrently. This technique is highly sensitive to strain differences when compared to previous methods. The efficacy of the described method is demonstrated by testing WSSV isolates from around the globe, showing regional genotypic differences. The differences in the genotypes were used to create a global minimum spanning network, and in most cases the observed relationships were substantiated with verification of transboundary movement. This novel panel of STR markers will provide a valuable epidemiological tool for white spot disease. We have applied this to an outbreak of the disease in Queensland, Australia, that occurred in 2016. While the results indicate that the source of this outbreak currently remains cryptic, the analyses have provided valuable insights with which to further study the origins of the strains involved.

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“…As expected, the culture of L. vannamei was found to be successful in the beginning but is now facing difficulties because of serious disease problems caused by EHP, IMNV and WSSV (Rajendran et al, ; Sahul Hameed et al, ; Santhoshkumar et al, ). Recently, a new strain of WSSV with a deletion of 13,170 bp at five positions in the genome of WSSV relative to WSSV‐TH was reported after the introduction of L. vannamei into Indian waters (Sivakumar et al, ). The new strain was found to be more virulent when compared to the old strain of WSSV, and our surveillance programme carried out since 2002 revealed the replacement of old strain of WSSV by the new strain of WSSV in Indian shrimp culture system (Sivakumar et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, a new strain of WSSV with a deletion of 13,170 bp at five positions in the genome of WSSV relative to WSSV‐TH was reported after the introduction of L. vannamei into Indian waters (Sivakumar et al, ). The new strain was found to be more virulent when compared to the old strain of WSSV, and our surveillance programme carried out since 2002 revealed the replacement of old strain of WSSV by the new strain of WSSV in Indian shrimp culture system (Sivakumar et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple infections caused by white spot syndrome virus and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei in pond‐reared Penaeus vannamei in India and multiplex PCR for their simultaneous detection

Thamizhvanan¹,

Sivakumar²,

Kumar³

et al. 2019

Journal of Fish Diseases

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White leg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, were collected on a monthly basis from grow‐out ponds located at Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh states along the east coast of India for screening of viral and other pathogens. Totally 240 shrimp samples randomly collected from 92 farms were screened for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). The number of shrimp collected from shrimp farms ranged from 6 to 20 based on the body weight of the shrimp. All the shrimp collected from one farm were pooled together for screening for pathogens by PCR assay. Among the samples screened, 28 samples were WSSV‐positive, one positive for IHHNV and 30 samples positive for EHP. Among the positive samples, four samples were found to be positive for both WSSV and EHP, which indicated that the shrimp had multiple infections with WSSV and EHP. This is the first report on the occurrence of multiple infections caused by WSSV and EHP. Multiplex PCR (m‐PCR) protocol was standardized to detect both pathogens simultaneously in single reaction instead of carrying out separate PCR for both pathogens. Using m‐PCR assay, naturally infected shrimp samples collected from field showed two prominent bands of 615 and 510 bp for WSSV and EHP, respectively.

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A new strain of white spot syndrome virus affecting Litopenaeus vannamei in Indian shrimp farms

Cited by 21 publications

References 32 publications

In vitro propagation of tilapia lake virus in cell lines developed from Oreochromis mossambicus

In vitro propagation of tilapia lake virus in cell lines developed from Oreochromis mossambicus

Global distribution of white spot syndrome virus genotypes determined using a novel genotyping assay

Multiple infections caused by white spot syndrome virus and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei in pond‐reared Penaeus vannamei in India and multiplex PCR for their simultaneous detection

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