A New Technique for the Analysis of Discontinuities in Microwave Planar Circuits

Floquet Spectral Almost-Periodic Modulation of Massive Finite and Infinite Strongly Coupled Arrays: Dense-Massive-MIMO, Intelligent-Surfaces, 5G, and 6G Applications

“…Antenna arrays, and in particular dense (or massive) coupled almost-periodic antenna arrays, have been of great interest in telecommunications and RF electronic applications (such as dense-massive-MIMO, smart-surfaces, 5G, and 6G applications) [1][2][3][4], including those used for very small surfaces with large numbers of elements such as millimeter and terahertz array applications. Therefore, the spectrum analysis based on a Fourier transformation (in the Floquet domain) is proposed to simplify the EM calculation on an elementary cell surrounded by periodic walls, as explained in [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] (in other research, they use periodic Green's functions) [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. In the bibliography and recent studies, only spatial modulation techniques have been proposed to study periodic systems with large sizes [20][21][22][23].…”

“…This work is divided into four parts: we start with an explication of the almost-periodic modal (or spectral) modulation and its spatial equivalent to examine strongly coupled cells [29][30][31][32][33]. Then, we applied MoM-GEC as a numerical method to solve the proposed problem [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][34][35][36]. Next, several numerical results are presented to confirm the validity of the approach.…”

New 3D Aware Formulation of MoM-GEC Method for Studying Planar Structures with Vertical Sources

“…Studying of microwave planar circuits is based on EM characterization of the structure via determination of electrical (E) and magnetic (H) fields and the electric current density J using Maxwell equations. To solve these equations, iterative methods are used (FDTD [2] [3] and FEM [4] [5]) providing accurate results but requiring a relatively heavy calculation time [6]. To overcome this disadvantage, integral methods have been proposed.…”

“…As the source is the knowledge of an electromagnetic field distribution on a circuit surface independently of the load, one distinguishes two source models: localized source modal [8] [9] and extended source modal [6] [7] defined in the perpendicular plan to the circuit. The source can be considered as a discontinuity causing the creation of higher order modes at the border source/circuit [10]- [15].…”

Determination of the Complex Permittivity Values of Planar Dielectric Substrates by Means of a Multifrequency Pso-Based Technique

“…The knowledge of the dielectric properties of planar substrates is of great importance for an effective design and development of planar antennas [1][2][3] and microwave circuits [4][5][6][7]. This is more important when dealing with low cost materials, whose performances are usually not guaranteed by the producers.…”