A New Test for Sulfate Resistance of Cements

Etris, SF; Fiorni, YR; Lieb, KC; Moore, IC; Batik, AL; Mehta, PK; Gjørv, Odd E.

doi:10.1520/jte11684j

Cited by 39 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…According to several authors, namely Kumar and Brown [41,42], a constant pH is considered as one of the desirable criteria for this type of test because it allows to simulate the exposure conditions to be studied, such as sea water. In the case of this research, the tests were done at a variable pH to reduce the test duration and simulate the severity of the aggressive medium.…”

Section: Attack By Acid Of Sodium Sulfatementioning

confidence: 99%

Durability Properties of Five Years Aged Lightweight Concretes Containing Rubber Aggregates

Medine¹,

Trouzine²,

Aguiar

et al. 2017

Period. Polytech. Civil Eng.

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Scrap tyres are one of the most important wastes. They can be used in different ways because of their availability and their non-degradable nature. This paper aims to demonstrate their reuse through durability properties experimental assessment of lightweight concretes aged five years, incorporating rubber aggregates as partial replacement of 5%, 7.5% and 10% of coarse/fine and coarse aggregates. The effect of the rubber aggregates on the lightweight concretes durability has been analysed. Firstly, the water absorption was evaluated, and then the mass losses were measured through many tests: freeze-thaw, elevated temperature and attack by Na2SO4 and HCl solutions. Wetting-drying cycles were carried out in order to accelerate the aging of the studied lightweight concretes and to reduce the tests duration. It has been observed that the water absorption decreased with small rubber content. The mass losses of the mixes were almost depending on rubber aggregates content and size, and the exposures duration.

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Section: Attack By Acid Of Sodium Sulfatementioning

confidence: 99%

Durability Properties of Five Years Aged Lightweight Concretes Containing Rubber Aggregates

Medine¹,

Trouzine²,

Aguiar

et al. 2017

Period. Polytech. Civil Eng.

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“…Some studies recommend the use of pH regulation while others prefer to maintain uncontrolled pH. For example, the method developed by the GeM [ 93 ], which, requires the pH values to be stabilized, has been applied in many cases using a circulating solution to keep the pH constant by manual titration with H 2 SO 4 [ 114 ]. Moreover, Mehta et al [ 31 , 115 ] tried to mechanize pH regulation by using continuous titration with H 2 SO 4 , while monitoring the pH using a pH controller.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conventional testing methods of ESA are more closely related to the ettringite form of the sulfate attack on the cement aluminates. However, these methods do not take into account the conditions in which the concrete is exposed to salt crystallization pressures (evaporative transport) or to the low temperatures which enhance the formation of thaumasite by attacking the C-S-H [ 17 , 105 , 106 , 114 ]. A brief summary of the existing test methods and standards, including those previously described, is shown in Table 3 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Existing Test-Methods for External Sulfate Attack

et al. 2022

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External sulfate attack (ESA) of cementitious materials has been studied worldwide for a very long time. This physical/chemical interaction between sulfate ions and the cement hardened elements affects the long-term durability of concrete structures: cracking, spalling or strength loss of concrete structures. To study these damaging phenomena, some standardized and non-standardized accelerated aging tests are used to evaluate the performance of cements in sulfate-rich environments. However, these existing methods do not adequately predict field performance and some shortcomings or deficiencies still exist: change of degradation mechanisms when using high concentrations of sulfate, variable boundary conditions and small specimens compared to the real concrete structures. In this work, a critical review of some existing test methods and foreign national standard methods for ESA are presented, analyzed, and discussed. This results in some proposed recommendations for improving these methods to meet the needs of structure managers.

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“…where ΔG Θ is standard Gibbs free energy, ΔH Θ is the standard enthalpy change of reaction, T is temperature, K Θ 2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering stands for thermodynamic equilibrium constant, and R is ideal gas constant with a recommended value of 8.314 J/ (mol•K). Kirchhoff equation is usually used to describe the relationship between ΔH Θ T and T, formulated as equation (3).…”

Section: Qualitative Analysis Of the Erosion Products Of Sulfate Attamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sulfate attack on cement concrete can degrade the durability and reduce the service life of concrete building structures [1,2]. ere are plenty of influence factors of sulfate attack on concrete, which are mainly focused on the kind and concentration of sulfate solution, temperature, pH value, cement composition, admixtures, and erosion form [3][4][5][6][7]. Among them, the temperature, concentration, and type of the sulfate solution are considered as the most important factors of sulfate attack [1,8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on Sulfate Attack Mechanism of Cement Concrete Based on Chemical Thermodynamics

Liu

Chen

et al. 2020

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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Based on principles of chemical thermodynamics, the relationship between temperature and the Gibbs free energy of erosion products generated during the sulfate attack on cement concrete was deduced. The orientation of chemical reactions of sulfate attack on cement concrete was theoretically determined as well as the critical sulfate ion concentration and the formation conditions of erosion products. The phase composition, microstructure, crystal form, and morphology of erosion products before and after sulfate attack were investigated by environmental scanning electron microscope and energy spectrum analysis (ESEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the effects of sulfate ion concentration and temperature on cement concrete sulfate attack are significant, and different influencing factors correlate with each other. The crystal transition temperature between the anhydrite and dihydrate gypsum is 42°C, and the corresponding concentration of sulfate ion is about 2.3 × 10−3 mol/L. Simultaneously, the crystal transition temperature between the thenardite and mirabilite is 32.4°C. Moreover, the theoretical upper limit temperature and sulfate ion lower limit concentration of thaumasite are 44°C and 0.0023 mol/L, respectively. The ESEM-EDS and XRD results imply that the chemical thermodynamics can be used to reveal the erosion mechanism of sulfate attack on cement concrete. The major erosion products of sulfate attack on cement concrete are rod-like ettringite with a larger slenderness ratio, plate-like gypsum, granular sulfate salt, incompletely corroded calcium hydroxide, and residual skeleton of calcium silicate hydrate. The sulfate attack has double effects on mechanical properties of specimens, which can affect the microstructure, phase composition, type, and morphology of erosion products.

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A New Test for Sulfate Resistance of Cements

Cited by 39 publications

References 1 publication

Durability Properties of Five Years Aged Lightweight Concretes Containing Rubber Aggregates

Durability Properties of Five Years Aged Lightweight Concretes Containing Rubber Aggregates

A Critical Review of Existing Test-Methods for External Sulfate Attack

Research on Sulfate Attack Mechanism of Cement Concrete Based on Chemical Thermodynamics

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