A new TLM algorithm to solve the Pennes's equation for dosimetry applications

Makhlouf, Oualid; Cueille, Marylène; Dubard, Jean-Lou

doi:10.1109/eumc.2015.7345933

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The fact that some metal implants may provide a less efficient protective barrier in the long term than the natural skull could have a significant impact in some surgical procedures and safety standards. Future research will include the determination of the avalanche effect that breaks the protective nature of the head, which may be strongly dependent upon the employed thermoregulatory model, as well as extending the study to more recently available New Radio Frequency Range 2 (NR FR2) mm wave cellular frequencies [27,28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Human Head Skull Role as Our First Thermoregulatory Natural Shield to Excessive Electromagnetic Fields at 1800 MHz

García-Fernández,

Sánchez-Hernández

2024

Electronics

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In this article, we provide concluding evidence that the human head skull acts as a first dynamic barrier to excessive electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and temperature flow at 1800 MHz. This natural barrier is designed to effectively and dynamically protect brain tissue against safety-defined threshold temperature increases due to external EMF induction. A half-wavelength dipole antenna has been employed as the EMF source. The human head is modeled by several coronal planes extracted from the Visible Human Project and combined to the exposure of a 0.45λ-apart dipole and to heat transfer equations to accommodate for the human thermoregulatory response. The results described in this study are of great importance regarding whether thermal effects should be directly used to derive basic restrictions to EM field safety limits for human exposure. Since this study is limited to conditions under vasomotor adjustment, very excessive EMF induction may break this first natural barrier and produce excessive thermal stress, making the barrier incapable of maintaining thermal conditions on the human brain under control. This study is also limited to using a frequency of 1800 MHz.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Human Head Skull Role as Our First Thermoregulatory Natural Shield to Excessive Electromagnetic Fields at 1800 MHz

García-Fernández,

Sánchez-Hernández

2024

Electronics

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“…[7][8][9] Because of these advantages, TLM has become an increasingly popular method to solve problems in heat transfer in biological tissues. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] The limitation of the TLM method is that, for every control volume geometry, a new circuit node must be developed. The first developed TLM node formulation was for regular geometries (squares and cubes) 15,16 and was later expanded to include graded elements (rectangles and parallelepipeds) 11 and orthogonal curvilinear elements (such as cylinders).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The properties of the node and its elements give TLM its main advantages, which are stability and non‐requirement of matrix inversion for time‐domain solutions . Because of these advantages, TLM has become an increasingly popular method to solve problems in heat transfer in biological tissues …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

General node for transmission‐line modeling (TLM) method applied to bio‐heat transfer

Milan

Gebremedhin

2018

Int J Numerical Modelling

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Transmission‐line modeling (TLM) is a numerical method used to solve coupled partial differential equations in time domain. Using TLM, the equations of the problem and a small control volume are represented by an electric network composed of nodes. In this paper, a general TLM node theory for bio‐heat transfer that simplifies to existing node formulations is presented. This formulation allows for the use of irregular node geometries, such as irregular quadrangles and hexahedrons, which are necessary to accurately model complex geometries of biological systems. Using irregular hexahedron nodes, solutions of skin‐surface temperatures of a breast with tumor are demonstrated. This theory is based on 2 assumptions. The first is that the unit vector perpendicular to the border of the node is similar to the unit vector from the center of the node to the midpoint of its border, which is exact for regular geometries (eg, rectangles in 2‐D, and parallelepipeds in 3‐D) and approximated for most irregular geometries used in practice (eg, triangles and quadrangles in 2‐D, and tetrahedrons and hexahedrons in 3‐D). This first assumption does not, however, hold for all geometries such as 3‐D pyramids. The second assumption, which is controlled by an error parameter, is that the dispersive effect intrinsically modeled by the transmission‐line inductor is negligible compared with the diffusive effect modeled by the resistor of the node. This general TLM node formulation facilitates algorithm development and increases flexibility, increasing the applicability of TLM to solve complex geometric problems typical of most biological systems.

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TLM computation of temperature distribution in human head exposed to electromagnetic waves

Makhlouf¹,

Cueille²,

Dubard³

2016

2016 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI)

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A new TLM algorithm to solve the Pennes's equation for dosimetry applications

Cited by 4 publications

References 4 publications

The Human Head Skull Role as Our First Thermoregulatory Natural Shield to Excessive Electromagnetic Fields at 1800 MHz

The Human Head Skull Role as Our First Thermoregulatory Natural Shield to Excessive Electromagnetic Fields at 1800 MHz

General node for transmission‐line modeling (TLM) method applied to bio‐heat transfer

TLM computation of temperature distribution in human head exposed to electromagnetic waves

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