Due to the recent system developments for the electromagnetic characterization of the subsurface, fast and easy acquisition is made feasible due to the fast measurement speed, easy coupling with GPS systems, and the availability of multi-channel electromagnetic induction (EMI) and ground penetrating radar (GPR) systems. Moreover, the increasing computer power enables the use of accurate forward modeling programs in advanced inversion algorithms where no approximations are used and the full information content of the measured data can be exploited. Here, recent developments of large-scale quantitative EMI inversion and full-waveform GPR inversion are discussed that yield higher resolution of quantitative medium properties compared to conventional approaches. In both cases a detailed forward model is used in the inversion procedure that is based on Maxwell's equations. The multi-channel EMI data that have different sensing depths for the different source-receiver offset are calibrated using a short electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) calibration line which makes it possible to invert for electrical conductivity changes with depth over large areas. The crosshole GPR full-waveform inversion yields significant higher resolution of the permittivity and conductivity images compared to ray-based inversion results. KEY WORDS: ground penetrating radar, electromagnetic induction, full-waveform inversion.
INTRODUCTIONThe electromagnetic tools, EMI and GPR, can be used for a wide range of applications to non-invasively image the subsurface. Due to the fast data acquisition, where the measured data can be directly linked with high resolution GPS systems, it is becoming more and more feasible to map GPR and EMI over large areas. The use of multi-channel EMI and GPR makes it possible to acquire simultaneously EMI and GPR data for different source-receiver offsets that enable an improved subsurface characterization. Ray-based or approximate techniques are often used where only part of the data is exploited. Improved subsurface characterization can be obtained by including advanced modeling tools that are able to calculate the electromagnetic wave propagation with high accuracy using Maxwell's equations. In the following, we will describe recent advancements in the high-resolution imaging of EMI and GPR data.