A non-destructive tool for detecting changes in the hardness of engineering materials: Application of the Equotip durometer in the coastal zone

Coombes, Martin A.; Feal-Pérez, Alejandra; Naylor, Larissa A.; Wilhelm, Katrin

doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.10.003

Cited by 45 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…This can be partly explained by the development of bio-chemical crusts after relatively short periods of intertidal exposure (Coombes et al, 2013b;Coombes et al, 2011). These crusts (which were absent from limestone and granite) limit water uptake and release relative to unexposed (i.e., fresh) concrete, and thereby moderate thermal gain and loss .…”

Section: Barnacle Influences On Materials Hygro-thermal Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cool barnacles: Do common biogenic structures enhance or retard rates of deterioration of intertidal rocks and concrete?

Coombes

Viles

Naylor

et al. 2017

Science of The Total Environment

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Sedentary and mobile organisms grow profusely on hard substrates within the coastal zone and contribute to the deterioration of coastal engineering structures and the geomorphic evolution of rocky shores by both enhancing and retarding weathering and erosion. There is a lack of quantitative evidence for the direction and magnitude of these effects. This study assesses the influence of globally-abundant

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Section: Barnacle Influences On Materials Hygro-thermal Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cool barnacles: Do common biogenic structures enhance or retard rates of deterioration of intertidal rocks and concrete?

Coombes

Viles

Naylor

et al. 2017

Science of The Total Environment

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“…In this study, an Equotip 3 with a D-type probe was used to map variations in weakening of the stone surface. This equipment was originally developed for the testing of metals [22], but is now used in both natural settings [23,24] and the built environment [25]. The surface hardness is measured through rebound of a 3 mm diameter spherical tungsten carbide test tip against the rock surface.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bullet impacts and built heritage damage 1640–1939

Mol

Gómez-Heras

2018

Herit Sci

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Conflict damage to heritage has been thrust into the global spotlight during recent conflict in the Middle East. While the use of social media has heightened and enhanced public awareness of this 'cultural terrorism' , the occurrence of this type of vandalism is not new. In fact, as this study demonstrates, evidence of the active targeting of sites, as well as collateral damage when heritage is caught in crossfire, is widely visible around Europe and further afield. Using a variety of case studies ranging from the 1640s to the 1930s, we illustrate and quantify the changing impact of ballistics on heritage buildings as weaponry and ammunition have increased in both energy and energy density potential. In the first instance, this study highlights the increasing threats to heritage in conflict areas. Second, it argues for the pressing need to quantify and map damage to the stonework in order to respond to these challenges.

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“…Surface hardness measurements are often made as part of geomorphological studies into the degree and rate of rock weathering and stone deterioration (André et al, 2014;Wilhelm et al, 2016a) and assessments of the performance of conservation materials such as consolidants (Perez Ema and Bustamente Montoro, 2013;Zornoza-Indart and Lopez-Arce, 2016). The Equotip has recently been used in geomorphological research on topics including the erosion of coastal engineering structures (Coombes et al, 2013), shore platforms (Feal-Pérez and Blanco-Chao, 2013) and the weathering history of limestone gravestones (Wilhelm et al, 2016a). The Equotip has recently been used in geomorphological research on topics including the erosion of coastal engineering structures (Coombes et al, 2013), shore platforms (Feal-Pérez and Blanco-Chao, 2013) and the weathering history of limestone gravestones (Wilhelm et al, 2016a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A laboratory study of Equotip surface hardness measurements on a range of sandstones: What influences the values and what do they mean?

Désarnaud

Kiriyama

Biçer-Şimşir

et al. 2019

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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The Equotip rebound tester is a simple, non‐destructive technique to measure the surface hardness of materials. Having a low impact energy gives the Equotip advantages over the commonly used Schmidt Hammer on weathered rock and stone. In this study we have investigated the influence of different parameters (sample size, moisture content and surface roughness) on the surface hardness values obtained from freshly cut blocks of four types of sandstone. In a series of laboratory experiments both Single Impacts (SIM) and Repeat Impacts (RIM) methods have been used with C and D probes (which have different impact energies). Our results show that whilst sample size is of great importance we find that smaller samples can be reliably evaluated than previously reported. Moisture contents are also found to exert a more important influence on both SIM and RIM results than previously thought, with up to 26% lower hardness values recorded on saturated vs dry sandstone. Conversely, we find that surface roughness (over Sz values of 100 to 800 microns) does not have a significant impact on SIM measurements collected using the D probe. Both SIM and RIM data are found to be good proxies for compressive strength and open porosity, with SIM data collected with the C probe showing the best fits. Data collected using 3D microscopy helps visualize and quantify the small impact marks created by the Equotip and confirms that these are much reduced when using the C vs D probe. The results highlight the benefits of the Equotip to studies of the nature and deterioration of sandstone, the need for careful evaluation of any confounding factors which might influence the values obtained, and illustrate the different advantages of C and D probes. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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A non-destructive tool for detecting changes in the hardness of engineering materials: Application of the Equotip durometer in the coastal zone

Cited by 45 publications

References 44 publications

Cool barnacles: Do common biogenic structures enhance or retard rates of deterioration of intertidal rocks and concrete?

Cool barnacles: Do common biogenic structures enhance or retard rates of deterioration of intertidal rocks and concrete?

Bullet impacts and built heritage damage 1640–1939

A laboratory study of Equotip surface hardness measurements on a range of sandstones: What influences the values and what do they mean?

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