“…There are four categories of dynamic network constraints: mass balance constraints, flow conservation constraints, flow propagation constraints, and definitional constraints. The constraints used are highly dependent on the underlying DNL model, such as point queue models (Ban et al, 2008(Ban et al, , 2012Long et al, 2015b;Ren et al, 2016), exit flow models (e.g., Nemhauser, 1978a, 1978b;Carey and Srinivasan, 1993;Lam and Huang, 1995;Wie and Tobin, 2002), and advanced exit flow models (e.g., Kuwahara and Akamatsu, 2001;Lo and Szeto, 2002;Yperman, 2007;Nie, 2011;Meng and Khoo, 2012;Long et al, 2013bLong et al, , 2015aLong et al, , 2016Zheng et al, 2015;Han et al, 2015aHan et al, , 2015b. The traffic flow models used in DTA problems should also have certain desirable properties, such as queue spillback (e.g., Daganzo, 1995;Lo and Szeto, 2002;Szeto and Lo, 2004;Ma et al, 2014;Chow et al, 2015;Stewart and Ge, 2015;Han et al, 2016;Jiang et al, 2016), first-in-first-out (FIFO) (e.g., Astarita, 1996;Huang and Lam, 2002;Long and Szeto, 2015), and non-vehicle holding (NVH) (e.g., Ziliaskopoulos, 2000;Shen et al, 2007;Nie, 2011;Zheng and Chiu, 2011;Zhu and Ukkusuri, 2013).…”