A Novel Approach against Salmonella: A Review of Polymeric Nanoparticle Vaccines for Broilers and Layers

Abstract

This work discusses the present-day limitations of current commercial Salmonella vaccines for broilers and layers and explores a novel approach towards poultry vaccination using biodegradable nanoparticle vaccines against Salmonella. With the increasing global population and poultry production and consumption, Salmonella is a potential health risk for humans. The oral administration of killed or inactivated vaccines would provide a better alternative to the currently commercially available Salmonella vaccines for poultry. However, there are currently no commercial oral killed-vaccines against Salmonella for use in broilers or layers. There is a need for novel and effective interventions in the poultry industry. Polymeric nanoparticles could give way to an effective mass-administered mucosal vaccination method for Salmonella. The scope of this work is limited to polymeric nanoparticles against Salmonella for use in broilers and layers. This review is based on the information available at the time of the investigation.

Non-Antibiotics Strategies to Control Salmonella Infection in Poultry

“…The poultry industry usually implements strategies of surveillance and biosecurity at international, national, and farm levels to prevent Salmonella spread [ 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 ]. Among the health management protocols, vaccination represents the most efficient and cost-effective method to reduce the impact of clinical disease, maintain herd immunity, decrease the shedding and reduce both horizontal and vertical transmission of Salmonella in poultry flocks [ 19 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 ]. Additionally, poultry vaccination provides safer food products for consumers reducing the likelihood of food poisoning in humans [ 30 , 125 , 127 , 128 ].…”

“…Among the health management protocols, vaccination represents the most efficient and cost-effective method to reduce the impact of clinical disease, maintain herd immunity, decrease the shedding and reduce both horizontal and vertical transmission of Salmonella in poultry flocks [ 19 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 ]. Additionally, poultry vaccination provides safer food products for consumers reducing the likelihood of food poisoning in humans [ 30 , 125 , 127 , 128 ]. The vaccination of layer and breeder flocks against Salmonella has a long history dating back to the second decade of the 20th century with the application of inactivated vaccines prepared from cultures of Salmonella Gallinarum [ 129 ].…”

“…Salmonella -killed vaccines are serovar-specific; that is, they are only effective only when the antigens between the vaccine strain and infecting pathogens are homologous [ 144 ]. Inactivated vaccines are administered by subcutaneous injection to breeders and layers flocks, increasing humoral immunity but not cell-mediated immune response [ 125 , 128 ]. Chickens immunized with inactivated Salmonella vaccines acquire a protective immunity to suppress Salmonella colonization in organs and reduce the shedding into feces [ 20 , 32 ].…”

“…However, lack of replication results in rapid elimination of the vaccine strain, which decreases the efficacy compared to live attenuated vaccines [ 142 , 145 ]. Frequently, the poultry industry prefers Salmonella -killed vaccines over the use of live vaccines for the level of biosecurity they offer [ 125 ]. However, it is necessary to consider that the intramuscular route of administration is time-consuming and is impractical when handling commercial poultry flocks [ 122 ].…”

“…The control of Salmonella in the poultry industry has relied heavily on live and inactivated vaccines [ 123 , 125 , 126 , 127 ]. However, over the last 30 years, advances in immunology, molecular biology, and recombinant DNA technology have allowed the identification and manipulation of the microbial components against which it is generated protective immunity, which has allowed to develop of vaccines that provide broader protection against multiple Salmonella serotypes [ 124 , 148 ].…”