“…These so-called "X-by-wire" systems act as an interface between the driver and the targeted mechanical subsystem of the vehicle (e.g., brakes, throttle valve) [1]- [12]. Coupled with the use of advanced control strategies the "X-bywire" systems can, in general, provide wider functionality and better research and development in vehicle control techniques, such as electric braking control, posture stabilization control, longitudinal control of road vehicles, and electronic throttle (ET) valve control [13]- [15]. ET can replace its mechanical counterpart if a control loop satisfies prescribed requirements, which are a fast transient response without overshoot, positioning within the measurement resolution, and the control action that does not wear out the components [3].…”