A novel approach to the consecutive extraction of drugs with different properties via on chip electromembrane extraction

Abstract

In the present research, for the first time, a consecutive on chip electromembrane extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography was introduced for the analysis of betaxolol (Bet), naltrexone (Nalt) and nalmefene (Nalm) as model analytes with different chemical properties from biological samples. The chip consists of two polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) parts where two microfluidic channels are carved in each part. These channels were used as a flow path for the sample solution and a thin compartment for the acceptor phase. A porous polypropylene sheet membrane impregnated with an organic solvent was placed between two parts of the chip device in order to separate the channels. Two platinum electrodes were bent at the bottom of these channels that are connected to a power supply providing the electrical driving force for migration of ionized analytes from the sample solution through the porous sheet membrane into the acceptor phase. The new setup provides effective and reproducible extractions by using a low volume of sample solution. Efficient parameters on consecutive electromembrane extraction of the model analytes were optimized by using the one variable at a time method. Under the optimized conditions, the new setup offered a good linearity in the range of 10.0-500 μg L(-1) with coefficient of determination (R(2)) higher than 0.9932. The relative standard deviation (RSD%) and LOD values were less than 6.8% based on four replicate measurements and 10.0 μg L(-1) for the model analytes, respectively. The preconcentration factors higher than 15.6-fold were obtained. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied for determination and quantification of the model analytes in biological samples.

Electromembrane extraction–Recent trends and where to go

“…EME in μ-chip systems was known from earlier time, using SLMs immobilized in a porous polymeric support [48] . Such systems have also been reported in 2016 [49] , [50] . In one paper, the sample was pumped through two individual EME chambers located in the same μ-chip [49] .…”

“…Each EME chamber was controlled by a separate power supply, and the two extractions were optimized independently. A similar μ-chip was described for extraction of betaxolol, naltrexone, and nalmefene as model analytes [50] . The μ-chip was constructed from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and the cross-sectional area of the flow channels was 200 µm×1000 µm.…”

Application of microfluidic chip technology in pharmaceutical analysis: A review

“…The chip has four inlets connected with an independent multichannel peristaltic pump; these inlets were respectively used for injecting four kinds of working or sample solutions into the detection chamber [52]; (C) Schematic illustration of consecutive on chip EME procedure. The chip consists of two PMMA parts into which two microfluidic channels are carved in each part, these channels were used as a flow path for the sample solution and a thin compartment for the acceptor phase [104]; (D) Construction process of the sandwich-type microfluidic electrochemical cytosensing platform; the device was constructed from three layers of PDMS slab with a gold film working electrode (bottom layer), flow channel, cell culture chamber (middle layer), gold film counter electrode, and silver ink reference electrode (top layer) [50].…”

“…The assay costs approximately $0.02 per test, and the result was obtained within minutes. Electromembrane extraction device chips may also be good alternatives for the extraction and determination of drugs [104] (Fig. 2C) and for monitoring drug metabolism in real time [105].…”

Electromembrane extraction of polar basic drugs from plasma with pure bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite as supported liquid membrane

“…As mentioned above, the target analytes have to pass the SLM, but many matrix components of biological and environmental samples cannot pass the SLM. Therefore, EME can be used for highly efficient sample clean-up [13,14]. The consumption of organic solvent is limited to a few microliters per sample [15], and EME has been reported in 96-well technology for highthroughput applications [16].…”