The
release of chemicals into water systems has resulted in pollution
in many parts of the world, threatening human health and aquatic ecosystems.
Sources of chemical discharge include industry, agricultural, wastewater
treatment plants, and stormwater overflows. To combat water pollution,
the European Union has introduced several directives that set concentration
limits for chemicals in drinking water, surface water, and groundwater.
To meet these limits, it is essential that rapid, reliable, and sensitive
analytical detection systems be developed and put into use. This Review
presents the progress made in the development of electrochemical biosensors
for environmental toxicants (pesticides and heavy metals) over the
past seven years (2014–2020). For those unfamiliar with this
field of research, the concept of a biosensor is introduced followed
by a critical evaluation of their performance in detecting the toxicants.
Current challenges are discussed as well as potential avenues for
future research, including the demands for enhanced analytical performance,
improved biosensor stability and shelf life, and greater integration
with microfluidic devices and wireless database technologies for remote
environmental sensing applications. We believe that this Review will
be beneficial and enhance awareness and appreciation of the role that
electrochemical biosensors can play in protecting our environment
and water resources.