“…17 In comparison to natural enzymes, nanomaterials are promising candidates due to their low shelf-life, inherent instability in harsh conditions, and cost-effectiveness. 18,19 Among the different nanomaterials, Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles have been reported as effective catalysts with a high binding affinity for 3,3 0 ,5,5 0tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in comparison to natural enzymes, i.e., horseradish peroxidase (HRP). 20 Further, gold nanoparticles with their unique size-and distance-dependent optical properties have also been reported for the visual detection of tetracycline.…”