A novel drive architecture of HDD: "multimode hard disc drive"

Okada, Kanzo; Kojima, Naoto; Yamashita, Katsumi

doi:10.1109/icce.2000.854511

Cited by 21 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In these approaches, energy saving becomes marginal when most of the requests are urgent. Okada et al [19] developed a hard disk drive which can operate at different revolution speeds. They used two RPM modes: file download/upload and AV application.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-aware disk scheduling for soft real-time I/O requests

2007

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In this work, we develop energy-aware disk scheduling algorithm for soft real-time I/O. Energy consumption is one of the major factors which bar the adoption of hard disk in mobile environment. Heat dissipation of large scale storage system also calls for an energy-aware scheduling technique to further increase the storage density. The basic idea in this work is to properly determine the I/O burst size so that device can be in standby mode between consecutive I/O bursts and that it can satisfy the soft real-time requirement. We develop an elaborate model which incorporates the energy consumption characteristics, overhead of mode transition in determining the appropriate I/O burst size and the respective disk operating schedule. Efficacy of energy-aware disk scheduling algorithm greatly relies on not only disk scheduling algorithm itself but also various operating system and device firmware related concerns. It is crucial that the various operating system level and device level features need to be properly addressed within disk scheduling framework. Our energy-aware disk scheduling algorithm successfully addresses a number of outstanding issues. First, we examine the effect of OS and hard disk firmware level prefetch policy and incorporate its effect in our disk scheduling framework. Second, our energy aware scheduling framework can allocate a certain fraction of disk bandwidth to handle sporadically arriving non real-time I/O's. Third, we examine the relationship between lock granularity of the buffer management and energy consumption. We develop a prototype software with energy-aware scheduling algorithm. In our experiment, proposed algorithm can reduce the energy consumption to one fourth if we use energy-aware disk scheduling algorithm. However, energy-aware disk scheduling algorithm increases buffer requirement significantly, e.g., from 4 to 140 KByte. We carefully argue that the buffer overhead is still justifiable given the cost of DRAM chip and importance of energy management in modern mobile devices. The result of our work not only provides the energy efficient scheduling algorithm but also provides an important guideline in capacity planning of future energy efficient mobile devices.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-aware disk scheduling for soft real-time I/O requests

2007

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“…The prior work assumed the transition times between RPMs to be in the millisecond range. However real multi-RPM drives [9,14], which we use as the basis for our transition time model, have latencies in the order of seconds to shift between RPM levels. This order of magnitude difference in the transition latencies has a profound impact on the performance and energy costs of shifting RPM levels.…”

Section: Energy and Performance Characteristics Of Sbpmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We assume that the storage system of each workload uses disk drives that are identical to those listed in Table 1, except that they are multi-RPM drives, where the disk can perform I/O at each RPM level and can dynamically transition from one RPM to another based on a control policy [5]. We model the transition time characteristics of our drives using a linear-fit of the transition time characteristics of two real multi-RPM drives -the Sony Multi-Mode disk drive [14] and the Hitachi Deskstar 7K400 [9]. The power consumed due to the transition between any two RPM levels is assumed to be the average of the power consumption at those two levels.…”

Section: Experimental Setup and Workloadsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity Based Power Management of Enterprise Storage Systems

Sankar

Gurumurthi

Stan

2008

2008 IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Computers and Telecommunication Systems

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“…Therefore, one of the prior proposals [5,14] to disk power saving in high-performance systems has been to employ disks with the capability of changing their rotational speeds dynamically. Since such multi-speed disks (e.g., those from [19] and [30]) can serve requests even under low rotational speeds, they can potentially exploit short idle periods as well and, at the same time, save power (due to reduced speed). However, the question of whether one can increase the power savings that could be achieved through such multi-speed disks remains important and largely unexplored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-aware data prefetching for multi-speed disks

Son

Kandemir

2006

Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Computing Frontiers

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Power consumption of disk based storage systems is becoming an increasingly pressing issue for both commercial and scientific application domains. Prior work proposed several hardware based approaches to reducing disk power consumption by making use of techniques such as spinning down idle disks and rotating them at lower speeds than the maximum speed possible. While such techniques are certainly very important, it is also critical to consider the influence the software can exercise in shaping the power consumption behavior of disk-intensive application programs. Motivated by this, the main goal of this work is to study whether an optimizing compiler can be used for increasing the power benefits that could be obtained from multi-speed disks. Specifically, we propose and experimentally evaluate a compiler-directed energyaware data prefetching scheme for scientific applications that process disk-resident data sets. This scheme automatically determines the prefetch distance for all disk access instructions, the disk speeds to be employed, and the associated disk layouts (striping parameters) in a unified setting. We implemented the proposed approach within an optimizing compiler framework and conducted experiments with several disk-intensive applications. Our experimental evaluation shows that the proposed approach brings significant reductions in disk energy consumption over a state-of-the-art softwarebased I/O prefetching mechanism that does not take into account energy consumption explicitly. Our results also show that the energyaware prefetching scheme does not bring any extra performance penalties and the energy reductions achieved are consistent across a wide spectrum of values of the simulation parameters.

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A novel drive architecture of HDD: "multimode hard disc drive"

Cited by 21 publications

References 3 publications

Energy-aware disk scheduling for soft real-time I/O requests

Energy-aware disk scheduling for soft real-time I/O requests

Sensitivity Based Power Management of Enterprise Storage Systems

Energy-aware data prefetching for multi-speed disks

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