A Novel Electrically Small Ground-Penetrating Radar Patch Antenna with a Parasitic Ring for Respiration Detection

Di, Shi; Aftab, Taimur; Gidion, Gunnar; Sayed, Fatma; Reindl, L.

doi:10.3390/s21061930

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In the previous FOUNT 2 project, the bioradar system was integrated into a UAS. The antennas were built into the feet of the landing gear to ensure direct contact with the ground after landing [ 38 ]. However, a safe landing spot for UAS cannot be found on all debris fields.…”

Section: System Description: Sdr-based Bioradarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency Comb-Based Ground-Penetrating Bioradar: System Implementation and Signal Processing

Gidion

Aftab

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Radars can be used as sensors to detect the breathing of victims trapped under layers of building materials in catastrophes like earthquakes or gas explosions. In this contribution, we present the implementation of a novel frequency comb continuous wave (FCCW) bioradar module using a commercial software-defined radio (SDR). The FCCW radar transmits multiple equally spaced frequency components simultaneously. The data acquisition of the received combs is frequency domain-based. Hence, it does not require synchronization between the transmit and receive channels, as time domain-based broadband radars, such as ultra wideband (UWB) pulse radar and frequency-modulated CW (FMCW) radar, do. Since a frequency comb has an instantaneous wide bandwidth, the effective scan rate is much higher than that of a step frequency CW (SFCW) radar. This FCCW radar is particularly suitable for small motion detection. Using inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT), we can decompose the received frequency comb into different ranges and remove ghost signals and interference of further range intervals. The frequency comb we use in this report has a bandwidth of only 60 MHz, resulting in a range resolution of up to 2.5 m, much larger than respiration-induced chest wall motions. However, we demonstrate that in the centimeter range, motions can be detected and evaluated by processing the received comb signals. We want to integrate the bioradar into an unmanned aircraft system for fast and safe search and rescue operations. As a trade-off between ground penetrability and the size and weight of the antenna and the radar module, we use 1.3 GHz as the center frequency. Field measurements show that the proposed FCCW bioradar can detect an alive person through different nonmetallic building materials.

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Section: System Description: Sdr-based Bioradarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency Comb-Based Ground-Penetrating Bioradar: System Implementation and Signal Processing

Gidion

Aftab

et al. 2023

Sensors

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“…As a conductive adhesive, carbon composite is used. A compact, dual band notched UWB slotted antenna is suggested by [12,[22][23][24][25]. A reflector array antenna has been designed at millimetric band, and two antennas were there in which an electrically small antenna has been used as the transmitting antenna [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Low-profile Electrically Small Antenna with a Circular Slot for Global Positioning System Applications

Reddy¹,

Narayana²,

Immadi³

et al. 2023

PIER C

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A flexible, planar electrically small antenna (ESA) with omnidirectional radiation pattern is designed and fabricated for GPS and WLAN applications resonating at 1.5 GHz and 3.7 GHz. The design consists of a circular loop attached with 3 rectangular bars, and it is fed by a 50 Ω feed line. The circular loop in the antenna provides impedance matching. Generally, these electrically small antennas have narrow bandwidth. Here the antenna is fabricated on a polyimide substrate having a thickness of 0.1 mm, ε r of 3.4 mm, and it occupies a size of 38 mm × 34 mm. Electrically small antenna is designed at 1.5 GHz, 3.7 GHz, and the parameters that are measured are S 11 , VSWR, Ka values, quality factor, and radiation patterns.

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“…Such radars are called bioradars. By equipping unmanned aerial systems (UAS) with bioradars, rescue teams can efficiently search large disaster areas, increasing the chances of locating survivors quickly [ 1 , 2 , 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatic Life Detection Based on Efficient Features of Ground-Penetrating Rescue Radar Signals

Gidion

Reindl

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Good feature engineering is a prerequisite for accurate classification, especially in challenging scenarios such as detecting the breathing of living persons trapped under building rubble using bioradar. Unlike monitoring patients’ breathing through the air, the measuring conditions of a rescue bioradar are very complex. The ultimate goal of search and rescue is to determine the presence of a living person, which requires extracting representative features that can distinguish measurements with the presence of a person and without. To address this challenge, we conducted a bioradar test scenario under laboratory conditions and decomposed the radar signal into different range intervals to derive multiple virtual scenes from the real one. We then extracted physical and statistical quantitative features that represent a measurement, aiming to find those features that are robust to the complexity of rescue-radar measuring conditions, including different rubble sites, breathing rates, signal strengths, and short-duration disturbances. To this end, we utilized two methods, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (MRMR), to analyze the significance of the extracted features. We then trained the classification model using a linear kernel support vector machine (SVM). As the main result of this work, we identified an optimal feature set of four features based on the feature ranking and the improvement in the classification accuracy of the SVM model. These four features are related to four different physical quantities and independent from different rubble sites.

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A Novel Electrically Small Ground-Penetrating Radar Patch Antenna with a Parasitic Ring for Respiration Detection

Cited by 8 publications

References 32 publications

Frequency Comb-Based Ground-Penetrating Bioradar: System Implementation and Signal Processing

Frequency Comb-Based Ground-Penetrating Bioradar: System Implementation and Signal Processing

A Low-profile Electrically Small Antenna with a Circular Slot for Global Positioning System Applications

Automatic Life Detection Based on Efficient Features of Ground-Penetrating Rescue Radar Signals

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