A Novel Energy-Efficient Clustering Algorithm for More Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks Enabled Smart Cities Applications

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a major sensing technology that has revolutionized the way information is collected, processed, and used in many smart cities’ applications that rely on sensing technologies for event detection and monitoring. Despite the multiple benefits that such technology offers, the quick depletion of sensors’ battery power represents a major concern, mainly due to the extensive computational tasks and communication operations performed by individual sensors. Indeed, the cost of replacing batteries can be prohibitively expensive, especially when sensors are deployed in areas where access is difficult, in urbanized cities. To extend sensors’ lifetime, this paper proposes a new variant of LEACH protocol named LEACH enhanced with probabilistic cluster head selection (LEACH-PRO). LEACH-PRO introduces several measures to extend WSNs nodes’ lifetime such as cluster head node selection using a probabilistic function based on maximum residual energy and minimum distance to the sink. The obtained simulation results have proven the supremacy of LEACH-PRO over LEACH and direct transmission protocol in terms of the achieved network lifetime and the generated traffic overhead. Most importantly, LEACH-PRO will significantly extend the sensors’ lifetime, which would make this type of deployment more viable in smart city scenarios.

A Secure LEACH-PRO Protocol Based on Blockchain

“…The processes are divided into two phases during each round: preparation and steady-state. When the required parameters are met, the sensors located at the sensing field boundary are excluded from participating in the CH selection procedure [ 8 ].…”

“…In 2021, Youssef et al [ 8 ] suggested an improvement to the LEACH by introducing a new version of LEACH called LEACH-PRO. This enhanced protocol maximizes the lifetime of WSNs by determining the CHs, adopting a probabilistic approach that weighs two scales: minimum distance to the BS and maximum residual energy.…”

“…For example, an adversary can easily compromise the network if there is poor authentication and a lack of secure communication. As reported in [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ], WSNs can also be compromised through the SNs. Adversaries can hack or sabotage sensor nodes, giving them complete control over the nodes and consequently disrupting networks.…”

A New Adaptive Power Control Based on LEACH Clustering Protocol for Interference Management in Cooperative D2D Systems

“…It is assumed that interference is due to two types of devices in a cluster and the large transmit power used for signal transmission [22]. This paper uses the LEACH protocol to select the CH, in which the main features of LEACH are coordination and localized control for random data transfer, self-configuration and adaptive clustering, low energy media access, and data processing, such as data aggregation to reduce global communications [23], [24], [25]. The LEACH operation is divided into the setup and the steady-state stages.…”

“…The node makes this decision by randomly selecting a number between 0 and 1. In contrast, the steady-state stage is for data transfer, where the device sends its data to the selected CH to be forwarded to each cluster member device [23]. In the setup stage, the device selected as the CH is based on the residual energy level at the time interval.…”