Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a major sensing technology that has revolutionized the way information is collected, processed, and used in many smart cities’ applications that rely on sensing technologies for event detection and monitoring. Despite the multiple benefits that such technology offers, the quick depletion of sensors’ battery power represents a major concern, mainly due to the extensive computational tasks and communication operations performed by individual sensors. Indeed, the cost of replacing batteries can be prohibitively expensive, especially when sensors are deployed in areas where access is difficult, in urbanized cities. To extend sensors’ lifetime, this paper proposes a new variant of LEACH protocol named LEACH enhanced with probabilistic cluster head selection (LEACH-PRO). LEACH-PRO introduces several measures to extend WSNs nodes’ lifetime such as cluster head node selection using a probabilistic function based on maximum residual energy and minimum distance to the sink. The obtained simulation results have proven the supremacy of LEACH-PRO over LEACH and direct transmission protocol in terms of the achieved network lifetime and the generated traffic overhead. Most importantly, LEACH-PRO will significantly extend the sensors’ lifetime, which would make this type of deployment more viable in smart city scenarios.

This study focuses to probe the portrayal of pro and antigovernment Syrians groups in Saudi and Iranian press. It is hypothesized that Arab news and Tehran times portrayed pro and anti-government Syrians groups differently. It is also hypothesized that press of both countries framed pro and antigovernment groups differently. The theoretical framework for this research was based on framing theory. The research follows the quantitative research design content analysis strategy. The times frame was selected from 1 st January to 31 December 2013 and researcher designed a coding sheet by selecting two frames, pro-government and anti-government frame. The data was analyzed through SPSS and Chi-Square test was applied on data .The findings of the study revealed that there is significant difference in portrayal and framing of both newspapers. Both hypotheses were accepted.

No abstract

This study investigates the impact of social media with Smartphones on youngsters through survey by using questionnaire as a tool of data collection. The audience was 200 male and female (married/unmarried) youngsters, age 18 to 30 years old and simple random sampling technique used to select sample unit. 100% respondents filled the questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistical tool to test the hypothesis. The finding indicates that use of social media apps in Smartphone have both positive and negative impact on youngsters. Face book is the most favorite social media app of youngsters and majority of youngsters use social apps in Smartphone for entertainment purpose. Large scale of respondent said that social apps in Smartphone playing a key role to get awareness about latest fashion and for seeking job opportunity. This study also found that youngsters facing major problem in the use of social media apps in Smartphone is social isolation and losing companionship