A novel Frei‐Chen based fragile watermarking method for authentication of an image

Abstract

In recent years, the protection of the intellectual property rights of digital media has become a considerable issue. Especially using digital image editing tools has made it very easy and fast to manipulate images. Therefore, manipulation detection of digital images has become a necessity. This article presents a novel Frei‐Chen based self‐embedding fragile watermarking technique implemented to 3×3 blocks for image manipulate detection. The block key and the Frei‐Chen based block feature are calculated from the non‐overlapping image blocks of size 3×3. Exclusive‐OR operations are applied to the Frei‐Chen based block feature and the block key. After, a nine bit block authentication key is generated from the Frei‐Chen based block feature and the block key. Then the generated authentication key is embedded in the least significant bits of each block. Experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method through the detection of the various attacks and obtain the excellent visual quality of watermarked images. Also, the results demonstrate that the proposed method detects all of the manipulated areas plainly.

Steganography Approach to Image Authentication Using Pulse Coupled Neural Network

“…Methods based on standard cryptography have been applied in this group [4]. Fragile watermarking-based methods have also been applied in this group, such as the method proposed based on the Frei-Chen edge mask [5], which provides excellent image quality with watermarking and clearly reveals tampered regions. Another example of a fragile watermarking-based method is a method combining discrete wavelet transform (DWT), singular value decomposition (SVD) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) [6].…”

A color channel multiplexing approach for robust discrete wavelet transform based image watermarking

“…LL2, LH2, HL2, HH2 = DWT(LL1). (12) 6. Apply 2-level DWT using Haar wavelet to the gray-level watermarked image, I Out w , to obtain N∕2 × N∕2 sized LL2 w , HL2 w , LH2 w , HH2 w and N × N sized HL1 w , LH1 w , HH1 w sub-bands:…”

“…Depending on the application scenario, digital image watermarking methods may be classified as robust, fragile, and semi‐fragile 7 . Fragile and semi‐fragile watermarking methods are mainly used for image authentication, integrity verification, and identification of tampering and localization, in which watermarks are designed to be sensitive to image modifications 8‐12 . Robust watermarking methods are used for fingerprinting, protecting the ownership or copyright, copy control, and broadcast monitoring applications, where the watermarks are designed to be resilient to various noisy, geometric, and non‐geometric attacks 13 …”