A Novel High‐Capacity Anode Material Derived from Aromatic Imides for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

A novel anode material for lithium-ion batteries derived from aromatic imides with multicarbonyl group conjugated with aromatic core structure is reported, benzophenolne-3,3',4,4'-tetracarboxylimide oligomer (BTO). It could deliver a reversible capacity of 829 mA h g at 42 mA g for 50 cycles with a stable discharge plateaus ranging from 0.05-0.19 V versus Li /Li. At higher rates of 420 and 840 mA g , it can still exhibit excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 88% and 72% after 1000 cycles, delivering capacity of 559 and 224 mA h g . In addition, a rational prediction of the maximum amount of lithium intercalation is proposed and explored its possible lithium storage mechanism.

A Cyclized Polyacrylonitrile Anode for Alkali Metal Ion Batteries

“…[11] Most importantly,o rganic anodes could achieve al ithium-storage capacity higher than graphite.P olyacetylene,w ith ap ractical capacity of 340 mAh g À1 ,h as been investigated as an anode in the early development of LIB. [12,13] Va rious organic anodes,s uch as simple organic compounds (maleic acid, [14] conjugated dicarboxylate, [15] p-conjugated triquinoxalinylene [16] ), polymers (polyimides, [17] poly(chalcogenoviologen), [18] hexaazatriphenylene-based polymer, [19] benzophenolne-3,3',4,4'-tetracarboxylimide oligomer (BTO) [20] and polymeric Schiff bases [21] ), and covalent organic frameworks (COF) (graphdiyne, [22,23] triazine-based, [24] triazole-triformyl phloroglucinol-based [25] and other COFs [26,27] ), have been investigated as the organic anodes of LIB.Nevertheless,organic anodes have been facing the issues of low capacity,poor cycling stability,dissolution in aprotic organic electrolytes,and low conductivity.The cycling stability of organic anodes could be improved by the formation of p conjugated structures, [16] while the capacity of organic anode could be enhanced by the introduction of multi-functional active sites. [24] New organic anode family with abundant active sites and facile synthesis strategy is in urgent need to be explored and developed to support the fastgrowing LIB,S IB,and PIB technologies.…”

Advanced functional polymer materials

“…An anode material for LIBs derived from aromatic imides with high capacity was reported due to its low potential. 693 Based on the density functional theory calculation and natural bond orbital charge analysis for electron transfer processes and reaction free energies, they proposed a 12-electron transfer process to accommodate the high experimental capacity of aromatic amides. A quinone-based polymer accommodating 4 lithium ions was reported with high charge storage capacity.…”

The synthesis of alternating donor–acceptor polymers based on pyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone and thiophene derivatives, their composites with carbon, and their lithium storage performances as anode materials

“…[8][9][10][11] Organic electrode materials can be improved in many aspects, including specic capacitance, stability and rate performance through more exible means of structure tuning. [12][13][14] Organic materials with lithium-loading functional units including benzene rings, C]N, and conjugated carbonyl compounds are considered as ideal organic electrode materials for LIBs; [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] these kinds of materials include quinones, 22,23 anhydrides, and ketones. 24,25 The lithium storage course of these types of materials is fullled through the interaction between Li + and their functional groups in a multi-step electron transfer process, which outputs a higher specic capacity.…”

“… 8–11 Organic electrode materials can be improved in many aspects, including specific capacitance, stability and rate performance through more flexible means of structure tuning. 12–14 …”