“…As an alternative, the meshless, fully Lagrangian smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) [8,9] method has shown peculiar advantages in handling multiphysics problems [10,11] thanks to its very feature of representing each subsystem by an ensemble of particles. Since its original inception by Lucy [8] and Gingold and Monaghan [9] for astrophysical applications, the SPH method has been successfully applied in a broad variety of applications ranging from fluid mechanics [12,13,14,15] and solid dynamics [16,17,18,19,20] to multi-phase flows [21,22,23] and FSI [24,25,26,27]. More recently, Zhang et al [1] developed an integrative SPH method for cardiac function and demonstrated its robust and accuracy in dealing with the following aspects : (i) correct capturing of the stiff dynamics of the transmembrane potential and the gating variables, (ii) robust predicting of the large deformations and the strongly anisotropic behavior of the myocardium, (iii) proper coupling of the electrical excitation and the tissue mechanics for electromechanical feedback.…”