“…Several studies 32‐34,36,41 have focused on using machine learning technologies, including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, bayesian network, to combine OD to develop an intelligent application, such as recommender system and decision system. By contrast, some studies 30,32,34,35,38,41,42 focus on adopting semantic web technologies, including RDF, RDF schema, OWL, associated with OD to provide specific domain knowledge and promote intelligence of application. Other significant researches 31‐33,37,39,40 try to use cloud computing, such as Spark, Hadoop, and edge computing, to improve performance.…”