A novel mediator-containing polyvinylidene fluoride/lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate polymer electrolyte membrane for low-temperature solid-state supercapacitors

Recent progress in the all‐solid‐state flexible supercapacitors

“…(E) Ionic conductivities of the modified poly(vinylidene fluoride)/ithium trifluoromethanesulfonate polymer electrolytes. Reproduced with permission: Copyright 2019, Elsevier 250 …”

“…The utilization of the organic gel electrolytes could also broaden the working temperatures due to their low freezing point. Cai et al 250 investigated a modified polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF): lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTFS) polymer electrolytes for the low‐temperature solid‐state SCs. As shown in Figure 14E, the modified PVDF/LiTFS polymer electrolytes exhibited an ionic conductivity of ~10 −3 S/cm at −20 °C and of 10 −2 S/cm at 20 °C, which indicated that the SCs have great potential applications in various environments.…”

“…High energy density flexible all‐solid‐state SCs incorporated with hydrogel electrolytes (HEs) solid‐state electrolytes have been reported 250,288,289 . However, the single‐component solid‐state HEs exhibited poor mechanical strength and flexibility 250,288–290 .…”

“…High energy density flexible all‐solid‐state SCs incorporated with hydrogel electrolytes (HEs) solid‐state electrolytes have been reported 250,288,289 . However, the single‐component solid‐state HEs exhibited poor mechanical strength and flexibility 250,288–290 . To address these problems, solid‐state double‐network (DN) HEs, which are composed of two independent and interpenetrating polymer networks, have been developed for enhancing mechanical strength and flexibility 243,291–299 .…”

Solid-State Double-Network Hydrogel Redox Electrolytes for High-Performance Flexible Supercapacitors

“…In the past years, supercapacitors as energy-storage devices have attracted intensive attention in both academic and industrial sectors due to their high power density, fast charge/discharge times, and cost-effective manufacturing processability. − However, as compared to batteries, , supercapacitors possess low energy density, which restricts their practical applications. , Various electrodes and gel electrolytes have been applied for the construction of supercapacitors to approach high energy densities (Table S1 in Supporting Information 1 (SI 1)). − Compared to the traditional liquid electrolytes, hydrogel electrolytes (HEs), such as poly­(vinyl alcohol) with LiCl, poly­(ethylene oxide) with KOH, and poly­(vinylidene difluoride) with lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, as the solid-state electrolytes for approaching flexible supercapacitors with high energy density have been widely reported in recent years. − These single-component solid-state HEs, however, exhibited poor mechanical strength and flexibility. − Solid-state double-network (DN) HEs, which are composed of two independent and interpenetrating polymer networks, have been developed for enhancing mechanical strength and flexibility. − Li et al have investigated a multifunctional hydrogel polyelectrolyte with copolymerization of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and N , N -dimethylacrylamide. The supercapacitors incorporated with the above HEs exhibited superior mechanical stretchability (up to 1000%) and excellent self-healing behavior under either heating or light treatment .…”