A Novel Method to Quantify Fugitive Dust Emissions Using Optical Remote Sensing

Varma, Ravi; Hashmonay, Ram A.; Du, Ke; Rood, Mark J.; Kim, Byung J.; Kemme, Michael R.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6364-0_11

Cited by 10 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…However, the variability likely results, in part, from a combination of low wind speeds that occurred for certain tests combined with the variability of the wind direction as the wind transports the particles to the flux plane. Typically the dust plumes impacted all three of the towers, which suggest minimum widths of 50 m. This is corroborated by optical remote sensing measurements made by Varma et al 8 of the same plumes, which were almost coincident with the tower measurements. They report plumes widths of ϳ70 m near the ground.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

Particulate Emissions from U.S. Department of Defense Artillery Backblast Testing

Gillies

Kuhns

Engelbrecht

et al. 2007

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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There is a dearth of information on dust emissions from sources that are unique to the U.S. Department of Defense testing and training activities. However, accurate emissions factors are needed for these sources so that military installations can prepare accurate particulate matter (PM) emission inventories. One such source, coarse and fine PM (PM 10 and PM 2.5 ) emissions from artillery backblast testing on improved gun positions, was characterized at the Yuma Proving Ground near Yuma, AZ, in October 2005. Fugitive emissions are created by the shockwave from artillery pieces, which ejects dust from the surface on which the artillery is resting. Other contributions of PM can be attributed to the combustion of the propellants. For a 155-mm howitzer firing a range of propellant charges or zones, amounts of emitted PM 10 ranged from ϳ19 g of PM 10 per firing event for a zone 1 charge to 92 g of PM 10 per firing event for a zone 5. The corresponding rates for PM 2.5 were ϳ9 g of PM 2.5 and 49 g of PM 2.5 per firing. The average measured emission rates for PM 10 and PM 2.5 appear to scale with the zone charge value. The measurements show that the estimated annual contributions of PM 10 (52.2 t) and PM 2.5 (28.5 t) from artillery backblast are insignificant in the context of the 2002 U.S. Environment Protection Agency (EPA) PM emission inventory. Using national-level activity data for artillery fire, the most conservative estimate is that backblast would contribute the equivalent of 5 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 % and 1.6 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 % of the annual total PM 10 and PM 2.5 fugitive dust contributions, respectively, based on 2002 EPA inventory data. There are, however, other sources of dust emissions that are unique to DoD activities and for which the PM emission factors are entirely uncharacterized. Despite the dearth of information on dust emissions from these types of sources, the DoD recognizes the need for military installations to prepare accurate PM emission inventories. A number of studies, supported by the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, are being carried out to characterize and quantify dust emissions from unique DoD sources, including tracked vehicle movement, rotary-and fixed-winged aircraft, and backblast from firing of high-caliber artillery. INTRODUCTIONIn this paper, we report on the results of a measurement campaign to quantify the emissions of PM 10 and PM with aerodynamic diameter Յ2.5 m (PM 2.5 ) from artillery backblast. Emissions are reported for "improved" sites, where the artillery firing position is located on a surface that has been altered from the native soil material. This alteration can be the addition of gravel to create a more stable surface and may also include the addition of dust suppressants, such as calcium chloride. Emissions from primarily 155-mm artillery pieces firing a range of propellant amounts, designated as zones, were measured using real-time, in situ techniques at the Yuma Proving Ground (YPG) near Yuma. Samples of PM 10 and PM 2.5 were also collected with medium...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

Particulate Emissions from U.S. Department of Defense Artillery Backblast Testing

Gillies

Kuhns

Engelbrecht

et al. 2007

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…This is confirmed by the MPL extinction data for a path that includes the location of the OP-FTIR, in which extinction values were much higher at event 6 than in event 1 data as shown in Table 3-30. Figure 3-15 and with the familiar dust extinction feature (Varma et al, 2007) as shown in Figure 3-16. Since measurements during OD events occur further downwind than during OB events, CO 2 and NO are only sporadically detected and the measured concentrations are very close to detection limit.…”

Section: Ors For Gasesmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…None of these compounds was detected above 1 ppb for benzene and above 10 ppb for NO 2 . Figure 3-15) that may be associated with non-dust PM absorption (Varma et al, 2007). These could be transitional aerosol compounds and should be investigated further.…”

Section: Ors For Gasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility of New Technology to Comprehensively Characterize Air Emissions from Full Scale Open Burning and Open Detonation

Kim¹,

Kemme²,

Gullett³

et al. 2010

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) REPORT TYPE ERDC-CERL TR-09-DRAFT SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) 901 North Stuart Street, Suite 303 Arlington, VA 22203 SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) SERDP SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S)Weapons Systems and Platforms Project WP-1672 DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACT See Attached SUBJECT TERMSOpen burning, Open detonation, OB/OD, Optical remote sensing, LIDAR, Air quality characterization, Emission factor, Aerial measurement, in-situ measurement, Particulate matter (PM), PM-2.5, PM-10 The project team developed a field campaign plan and conducted the field campaign at Tooele Army Depot, Utah, in March 2010. Emissions from OB of M1 propellant and OD of TNT were sampled over a three week period. This report describes the execution and results of the field campaign and discusses the feasibility of the emission measurement system to characterize air emissions from full-scale OB/OD. Close coordination with the DoD demilitarization community enabled the research team to produce useful data for demilitarization-related compliance issues and operations.The feasibility study consisted of in situ and optical remote sensing (ORS) sampling, analysis and monitoring. The in situ sampling configuration included fixed position samplers, and airborne sampling. The aerial platform used a balloon-lofted instrument package called the "Flyer". The instrument pack was lofted with a He-filled balloon and maneuvered by two tethers connected to two all-terrain-vehicles (ATVs). Continuous measurements of CO 2 and co-sampled PM-10, volatile organic compounds, and semi-volatile organic compounds allowed determination of emission factors.The ORS system included active and passive open-path Fourier Transform Infrared (OP-FTIR) spectrometers, Ultraviolet Differential Absorption Spectrometers (UV-DOAS), and a Micropulse LIght Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) (MPL). The ORS samplers were complemented with Tapered Elemental Oscillating Microbalance (TE...

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“…The wavelength correction factor was determined by considering the PSD measured before, in a similar desert environment 2 ) 10 to 461 (Varma et al, 2006;Du et al, 2011a, b) and was varied by changing the mean diameter by number, so PM 2.5 /PM 10 was varied. Mie-Lorenz theory (Bohren and Huffman, 1983) was then used to calculate a wavelength correction factor for each selected PSD, assuming particles are spherical and a refractive index of 1.54 + 0i, a value that is representative of mineral dust.…”

Section: Ef Measurement With the Hybrid-ors Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the earlier ORS method, MEE values were determined by first determining particle size distributions (PSDs) using wavelength-dependent light extinction measurements obtained with an open path-laser transmissometer (OP-LT) and an open-path Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer. Then, MEE values were calculated using PSDs and assumed particle density and refractive index using Mie-Lorenz theory (Varma et al, 2006;Du et al, 2011a). In the hybrid-ORS method reported here, MEE values are determined by simultaneously measuring real-time light extinction with an OP-LT and PM 10 and PM 2.5 mass concentrations with optically based DustTrak™ monitors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fugitive Particulate Matter Emissions to the Atmosphere from Tracked and Wheeled Vehicles in a Desert Region by Hybrid-Optical Remote Sensing

Yuen

Koloutsou-Vakakis

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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A hybrid-optical remote sensing (hybrid-ORS) method was developed to quantify mass emission factors (EFs) for fugitive particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 10 μm (PM 10 ) and ≤ 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ). In-situ range-resolved extinction coefficient and concurrent point measurements of PM 10 and PM 2.5 mass concentrations are used to quantify twodimensional (2-D) PM 10 and PM 2.5 mass concentration profiles. Integration of each 2-D mass concentration profile with wind data, event duration, and source type provides the corresponding fugitive PM 10 and PM 2.5 EFs. This method was used to quantify EFs for fugitive PM 10 and PM 2.5 emitted from tracked and wheeled vehicles travelling on unpaved roads in a desert region. The EFs for tracked vehicles ranged from 206 g/km to 1,738 g/km for PM 10 and from 78 g/km to 684 g/km for PM 2.5 , depending on vehicle speed and vehicle type. The EFs for the wheeled vehicle ranged from 223 g/km to 4,339 g/km for PM 10 and from 44 g/km to 1,627 g/km for PM 2.5. Field implementation of the hybrid-ORS method demonstrates that the method can rapidly capture multiple profiles of the PM plumes and is well suited for improved quantification of fugitive PM EFs from vehicles traveling on unpaved roads.

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A Novel Method to Quantify Fugitive Dust Emissions Using Optical Remote Sensing

Cited by 10 publications

References 4 publications

Particulate Emissions from U.S. Department of Defense Artillery Backblast Testing

Particulate Emissions from U.S. Department of Defense Artillery Backblast Testing

Feasibility of New Technology to Comprehensively Characterize Air Emissions from Full Scale Open Burning and Open Detonation

Fugitive Particulate Matter Emissions to the Atmosphere from Tracked and Wheeled Vehicles in a Desert Region by Hybrid-Optical Remote Sensing

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