Since every atom in graphene single sheet is a surface atom, molecular interaction and electron transport through graphene can be highly sensitive to adsorbed biomolecules. Graphene materials act as good candidates for glucose sensing due to the high surface area, excellent conductivity, and small band gap, which are favorable for biomolecules loading and electrons conducting. Generally, graphene-based platforms for glucose determination could be categorized into two kinds, namely enzyme catalysis and non-enzyme catalysis. The enzyme catalysis shows high sensitivity and selectivity. However, the inevitable drawbacks of instability originating from the intrinsic nature of the enzyme, as well as the critical operational conditions and complicated immobilization procedure, may limit the analytical applications. These drawbacks could be overcome in non-enzyme catalytic biosensors, which are stable, simple, reliable, and cost-effective. Detailed descriptions are illustrated in the following. The concentrations of dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA), and uric acid (UA) in human body are important in the diagnosis, monitoring, prevention, and treatments of some certain diseases, such as HIV infections, schizophrenia, Parkinson, hyperuricemia, and a type of arthritis. Then various graphene platforms for the detection and quantification of DA, AA, and UA are also demonstrated.Keywords Graphene Á Glucose Á Enzyme Á Dopamine Á Ascorbic acid Á Uric acid
Glucose Detection
Catalysis by EnzymesGlucose detection plays an important role in biotechnology, life science, food industry, and clinical diagnostics. Diabetes is a worldwide public health problem and one of the leading causes of death and disability in the world. In 2000, it was estimated that 2.8 % of the world population was affected by diabetes mellitus, a disease with hyperglycemia (i.e., elevated blood glucose level) as the major symptom