A Novel Strain of Clostridium botulinum That Produces Type B and Type H Botulinum Toxins

Barash, Jason R.; Arnon, Stephen S.

doi:10.1093/infdis/jit449

Cited by 296 publications

(229 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Clostridium botulinum is classified into 8 types, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H, based on immunological characteristics of the botulinum toxins that they produce (1,2). These toxins act on the neuromuscular junction and inhibit the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic membrane, resulting in muscle relaxation, and ultimately, death from dyspnea in serious cases (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Study of New Tetravalent (Type A, B, E, and F) Botulinum Toxoid Vaccine Derived from M Toxin in Japan

et al. 2017

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Study of New Tetravalent (Type A, B, E, and F) Botulinum Toxoid Vaccine Derived from M Toxin in Japan

et al. 2017

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“…botulinum is an ubiquitous Gram-positive, spore forming, obligatory anaerobic bacterium that inhabits soil, dust and organic matter such as feces of animals and man, slaughterhouse wastes, residues of biogas plants, and bio-compost. It generates eight highly toxic neurotoxin isoforms (BoNT A-H) that are the most toxic substances known [7][8][9][10][11][12]. All isoforms, together with the related tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) secreted by C. tetani, are Zn2+-endoproteases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human cases are mostly caused by types A, B, or E, while animal diseases are mostly caused by types C and D [1,13,14]. Several C. botulinum strains produce two neurotoxins [11]. Physiological differences are used to divide C. botulinum strains into 4 physiological groups; group I, consisting of C. botulinum A and proteolytic strains of C. botulinum B and F; group II, consisting of C. botulinum E and nonproteolytic strains of C. botulinum B and F; group III, consisting of C. botulinum C and D; and group IV, consisting of C. argentinense (BoNT G).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Application of Charcoal and Humic acids to Dairy Cows Influences Clostridium botulinum Blood Serum Antibody Level and Glyphosate Excretion in Urine

Gerlach¹

2014

J Clinic Toxicol

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The present study was initiated to investigate the influence of oral application of charcoal, sauerkraut juice and humic acids on chronic botulism in dairy cows. A total of 380 Schleswig Holstein cows suffering from chronic botulism were fed daily with 400 g/animal charcoal for 4 weeks (1-4 weeks of study), 200 g/animal charcoal (5-10 weeks of study), 120 g/animal humic acid (11-14s week of study), 200g charcoal and 500 ml Sauerkraut juice/animal (13-16 weeks of study), 200 g charcoal and 100 mL Aquahumin/animal (15-18s week of study), 100 g charcoal and 50 mL Aquahumin (19-22 weeks of study) followed by 4 weeks without any supplementation. Bacteriological and immunological parameters investigated included C. botulinum and botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) in faeces, C. botulinum ABE and CD antibodies, positive acute phase proteins (APPs) haptoglobin and LPS-binding protein (LBP) using serum ELISA, negative APP paraoxanase by its enzymatic activity and glyphosate in urine by ELISA. Neither BoNT nor C. botulinum was detected in feacal samples. From week six until four weeks before the end of the study, there was a significant reduction in antibody levels. All supplementation, except low doses of charcoal (200g / animal) alone, led to a significant reduction of C. botulinum ABE and CD antibody levels. There also was a significant reduction of glyphosate in urine following supplementation with a combination of 200g charcoal plus either 500 mL sauerkraut juice or humic acid. Haptoglobin, paraoxanase and LBP were significantly increased by the 24th week of the study. The positive APPs and C. botulinum antibodies were significant negative correlations. In conclusion, a charcoal-sauerkraut juice combination and humic acids could be used to control chronic botulism and glyphosate damage in cattle.

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“…The symptoms of the disease occur after action of botulinum toxins, which are produced by Clostridium botulinum strains. There are eight botulinum toxin types marked by the letters from A to H. In addition, toxin sub-serotypes have also been reported (3,12,22). Botulism in animals occurs most frequently after consumption of feed contaminated by botulinum toxins (BoNTs) or C. botulinum spores.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-house Validation of PCR Based Procedure for Specific Detection of Clostridium Botulinum Types C and D

Grenda

Kukier

Goldsztejn

et al. 2014

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy

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A PCR-based procedure for detection of C. botulinum C and D in corn silage samples was validated. During the validation, method specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy were determined according to PN -EN ISO 16140:2004. Additionally, the specificity of the validated methods was proved by sequence analysis of PCR products obtained from examination of samples connected with botulism cases in cattle and mallard ducks. Limit of detection was estimated according to the Spearman -Kärber formula and expressed as LOD50. The obtained results showed that a 100% specificity was achieved. The sequencing of PCR products revealed 99% identity with sequences of bont/C and bont/D genes deposited in the GenBank. The sensitivity value ranged from 63.3% for C. botulinum type C to 75% for type D. The accuracy value varied from 72% for type C to 81.3% for type D. LOD50 was estimated at the levels of 0.272 (0. D 188-0395) spore/g for type C and 0.17 (0.1-0.289) spore/g for type D. The described PCR-based procedure enabled detection of C. botulinum C and D at the stage of liquid culture. This makes examination of feed samples possible without isolation process. The presented procedure could support the diagnosis of botulism by faster and specific laboratory examination process.

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A Novel Strain of Clostridium botulinum That Produces Type B and Type H Botulinum Toxins

Cited by 296 publications

References 24 publications

Clinical Study of New Tetravalent (Type A, B, E, and F) Botulinum Toxoid Vaccine Derived from M Toxin in Japan

Clinical Study of New Tetravalent (Type A, B, E, and F) Botulinum Toxoid Vaccine Derived from M Toxin in Japan

Oral Application of Charcoal and Humic acids to Dairy Cows Influences Clostridium botulinum Blood Serum Antibody Level and Glyphosate Excretion in Urine

In-house Validation of PCR Based Procedure for Specific Detection of Clostridium Botulinum Types C and D

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