A Novel Strategy for Variable-Speed Wind Turbines' Participation in Primary Frequency Control

Zertek, A.; Verbič, Gregor; Pantoš, Miloš

doi:10.1109/tste.2012.2199773

Cited by 131 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This response, also called frequency responsive reserve, is typically provided by a conventional generator with governor droop control to regulate its power output as a function of frequency deviation and droop setting [50,[64][65][66][67][68]. A WTG's primary frequency regulation resembles that of a conventional generator, which is usually activated within a few tens of seconds and sustained for up to 15 min once the grid frequency deviation exceeds the allowable threshold [67]. It plays an important role in mitigating the steady-state frequency deviation after inertial response until the secondary frequency control (automatic generation control, AGC) takes over to achieve zero frequency error in the steady-state condition.…”

Section: Primary Frequency Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Available maximum wind power at a given wind speed several tens of minutes [67]. This control is a continuous response on the minute timescale to allocate the load change among individual WTs for the purpose of maintaining the system frequency deviation and tie line power flow deviation at zero [41].…”

Section: Secondary Frequency Control (Agc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared with the other frequency controls mentioned above, tertiary frequency control has a relatively long decision time step ranging from the order of minutes to hours, which takes effect following the secondary control [10,67]. This control method comprises dispatching actions from the system operator, in order to achieve the power reserve deployment and restoration for the WTG's tertiary frequency control that enables unit commitment, economic dispatch and optimal power flow in accordance with market signals or other system requirements.…”

Section: Tertiary Frequency Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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State-of-the-art review on frequency response of wind power plants in power systems

Gao

et al. 2017

J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy

212

111

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With an increasing penetration of wind power in the modern electrical grid, the increasing replacement of large conventional synchronous generators by wind power plants will potentially result in deteriorated frequency regulation performance due to the reduced system inertia and primary frequency response. A series of challenging issues arise from the aspects of power system planning, operation, control and protection. Therefore, it is valuable to develop variable speed wind turbines (VSWTs) equipped with frequency regulation capabilities that allow them to effectively participate in addressing severe frequency contingencies. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on frequency regulation methods for VSWTs. It fully describes the concepts, principles and control strategies of prevailing frequency controls of VSWTs, including future development trends. It concludes with a performance comparison of frequency regulation by the four main types of wind power plants.

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Section: Primary Frequency Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Secondary Frequency Control (Agc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tertiary Frequency Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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State-of-the-art review on frequency response of wind power plants in power systems

Gao

et al. 2017

J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy

212

111

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Both are based on operating the wind turbines not extracting the maximum available power from wind. Overspeeding techniques are carried out applying the so-called deloaded optimum torque (or power) -omega curves T − ω [15,16,17,18,19]. These curves impose operating points out of the optimum T − ω curve that allows extracting the maximum available power from the wind.…”

Section: Proposed Control Schemes For the Wind Power Plantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coordinated operation of wind turbines and flywheel storage for primary frequency control support

Díaz‐González

Hau

Sumper

et al. 2015

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems

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This work assesses the participation of wind power plants in primary frequency control support. To participate in frequency control-related tasks, the wind power plants have to maintain a certain level of power reserves. In this article, the wind power plant is equipped with a flywheel-based storage system to fulfil the power reserve requirements set by the network operator. The article focuses on two main aspects: the definition of the control strategy to derate the wind turbines to provide a part of the required power reserves; and the coordinated regulation of the power reserves of the wind turbines and the flywheels while participating in primary frequency control. This coordinated regulation enables the wind power plant to maintain the net level of power reserves set by the network operator while alleviating the need of deloading the wind turbines. The performance of the proposed control schemes are shown by simulation.

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“…This is how the provision of power reserves by WPPs is intended in latest Grid Codes of UK and Ireland [5,6], as well as in the first European Grid Code by the ENTSO-E [7]. Methods to de-rate variable speed wind turbines are also discussed in [10,11,12,13,14]. In general terms, these articles propose modifications to the power-speed curve, typically applied to operate wind turbines at maximum aerodynamic efficiency in the partial load operating region, so that they can be de-rated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodology for the economic optimisation of energy storage systems for frequency support in wind power plants

et al. 2015

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This paper proposes a methodology for the economic optimisation of the sizing of Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) whilst enhancing the participation of Wind Power Plants (WPP) in network primary frequency control support. A generalised approach was taken for the design of the methodology, so it can be applied to different energy markets and concerning different ESSs. The methodology includes the formulation and solving of a Linear Programming (LP) problem.The methodology was applied to the particular case of a 50 MW WPP, equipped with Vanadium Redox Flow battery (VRB) in the UK energy market. Analysis is performed considering real data on the regular and frequency response markets of UK. Data for wind power generation and energy storage costs are estimated from literature.Results suggest that, under certain assumptions, ESSs can be profitable for the operator of a WPP that is providing frequency response. The ESS provides power reserves such that the WPP can generate close to the maximum energy available. The solution of the optimisation problem establishes that an ESS with a power rating of 5.3 MW and energy capacity of about 3 MWh would be enough to provide such service whilst maximizing the incomes for the WPP operator considering the regular and frequency regulation UK markets.Methodology for the economic optimisation of energy storage systems for frequency support in wind power plants Abstract This paper proposes a methodology for the economic optimisation of the sizing of Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) whilst enhancing the participation of Wind Power Plants (WPP) in network primary frequency control support. A generalised approach was taken for the design of the methodology, so it can be applied to different energy markets and concerning different ESSs. The methodology includes the formulation and solving of a Linear Programming (LP) problem.The methodology was applied to the particular case of a 50 MW WPP, equipped with Vanadium Redox Flow battery (VRB) in the UK energy market. Analysis is performed considering real data on the regular and frequency response markets of UK. Data for wind power generation and energy storage costs are estimated from literature.Results suggest that, under certain assumptions, ESSs can be profitable for the operator of a WPP that is providing frequency response. The ESS provides power reserves such that the WPP can generate close to the maximum energy available. The solution of the optimisation problem establishes that an ESS with a power rating of 5.3 MW and energy capacity of about 3 MWh would be enough to provide such service whilst maximizing the incomes for the WPP operator considering the regular and frequency regulation UK markets.

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A Novel Strategy for Variable-Speed Wind Turbines' Participation in Primary Frequency Control

Cited by 131 publications

References 22 publications

State-of-the-art review on frequency response of wind power plants in power systems

State-of-the-art review on frequency response of wind power plants in power systems

Coordinated operation of wind turbines and flywheel storage for primary frequency control support

Methodology for the economic optimisation of energy storage systems for frequency support in wind power plants

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