Coordinated operation of wind turbines and flywheel storage for primary frequency control support

Abstract

This work assesses the participation of wind power plants in primary frequency control support. To participate in frequency control-related tasks, the wind power plants have to maintain a certain level of power reserves. In this article, the wind power plant is equipped with a flywheel-based storage system to fulfil the power reserve requirements set by the network operator. The article focuses on two main aspects: the definition of the control strategy to derate the wind turbines to provide a part of the required power reserves; and the coordinated regulation of the power reserves of the wind turbines and the flywheels while participating in primary frequency control. This coordinated regulation enables the wind power plant to maintain the net level of power reserves set by the network operator while alleviating the need of deloading the wind turbines. The performance of the proposed control schemes are shown by simulation.

Model‐based receding horizon control of wind farms for secondary frequency regulation

“…However, enabling full wind energy participation in frequency regulation involves many technological and economic challenges. A successful strategy will require new control designs that focus on power tracking rather than maximizing power output, modified frequency regulation market structures, expanded interconnection requirements for wind farms, and consideration of economic trade‐offs between bulk power supply payments, ancillary service payments and investment in energy storage technologies. In this study, we focus on one of these key challenges, wind farm control design for tracking a secondary frequency regulation reference signal.…”

Future research directions for the wind turbine generator system

“…That is why, it is very important to use the energy storage system (ESS) for a reliable WECS. The available energy storage technologies are battery energy storage (BES) [85][86][87][88], superconductive magnetic energy storage (SMES) [89][90][91][92][93], capacitor energy storage (CES) [94], pumped hydro energy storage [95], fly wheel energy storage [96], hydrogen storage system [97], etc. There is also application of combined energy storage systems [98,99].…”

Frequency Regulation of a Hybrid Wind–Hydro Power Plant in an Isolated Power System

“…Admittedly, a non-optimal working point can be reached in the response curve of torque and rotor speed of the turbine [35,36]. Furthermore, the impact of using doubly fed induction wind generators participating in primary frequency regulation has been evaluated in [37][38][39]. Moreover, primary frequency regulation can be combined with inertia emulation [40,41].…”