A novel tetrapeptide fluorescence sensor for early diagnosis of prostate cancer based on imaging Zn2+ in healthy versus cancerous cells

Purification Behavior of Zn(II) in Water by Magnesium Hydroxyapatite: Surface Complexation, and Dissolution–Precipitation

“…ln q e = ln k F + 1/n ln C e (4) where q max represents theoretical maximum sorption capacity (mg/g); C e represents equilibrium concentration (mg/L); K L represents the Langmuir constant (L/mg); K F represents the Freundlich constant.…”

“…These problems are mainly the result of the irregular discharge of aqueous solution and waste residue in mining, smelting, electroplating, and other industries, such that heavy metal elements such as Zn(II) enter the environment and cause environmental pollution [2]. Zinc is very significant for human health, for example, zinc can improve people's sleep quality [3] and serve as a marker for early prediction of prostate cancer [4], so it is an indispensable element for the human body. The World Health Organization does not provide health-based guidelines for zinc in drinking water.…”

“…However, because its adsorption effect is slow, it is not widely used. Gayathri et al [11] argued that the incorporation of Mg into HAP can increase the biological activity of the implant and improve the effect of pesticides; Gong et al [12] concluded that Mg-HAP can be used as an important material for bone regeneration in medicine; Chen et al [13] argued that the use of SO 4 2− loaded on HAP can increase the adsorption capacity for F − . Nie et al [14] showed that the modification of HAP with Al can increase the adsorption sites on its surface and improve the removal effect of fluoride ions.…”

Successive Detection of Zinc Ion and Citrate Using a Schiff Base Chemosensor for Enhanced Prostate Cancer Diagnosis in Biosystems

“…To sense and analyze the Zn 2+ and citrate levels in biosystems, several efficient techniques have been developed and among them, chemosensors have attracted more attention due to their high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, easy operation, cost effectiveness, real-time detection, and on-site visual bioimaging in both in vitro and in vivo . − For instance, zinc metal ion-sensing fluorescent probes have been established for imaging live cells and animal models, and their electron transfer operations have been intensely studied. , Amongst them, quite a few probes have been developed for detection of Zn 2+ as a biomarker in PC diagnosis. , In addition, a couple of fluorophores have been designed for the detection of citrate biomolecules. , A Lewis acid–base reaction-based citrate chemosensor was examined in human prostate cancer cell lines (PC3), and the efficacy was successfully demonstrated in the live cell images . One interesting chemosensor model using a Zn 2+ complex for citrate sensing was attempted since Zn 2+ can chelate with citrate and change the fluorescence; however, the molecule failed in finding a Zn 2+ concentration .…”

“…24,25 Amongst them, quite a few probes have been developed for detection of Zn 2+ as a biomarker in PC diagnosis. 26,27 In addition, a couple of fluorophores have been designed for the detection of citrate biomolecules. 28,29 A Lewis acid−base reaction-based citrate chemosensor was examined in human prostate cancer cell lines (PC3), and the efficacy was successfully demonstrated in the live cell images.…”