A Nurse's Guide to Hormone Replacement Therapy

Postmenopausal Bleeding: A Practical Approach

“…Because progestins effectively protect the uterus from estrogen-induced hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma, a standard practice is to add progestin to ERT (called HRT) for any postmenopausal woman with an intact uterus. The administration of progestin to these patients has been shown to decrease the risk of endometrial cancer to less than that of women who receive no HRT (Moore, & Noonan, 1996;Byrjalsen, Thormann, Meinecke, & Christiansen, 1992;Kempers, 1990). It is important to counsel those postmenopausal women about the benefits and risks of HRT.…”

“…The dilemma associated with the evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding can be a source of consternation to nurse practitioners (NPs). By the year 2000, the number of women 55 years of age or older reached 31.2 million; that number is expected to increase to 45.9 million by the year 2020 (Moore, & Noonan, 1996). With an ever-increasing life expectancy, it is estimated that women living to the age of 81 years will spend more than one-third of their lives without endogenous estrogen production (Wall, 1991).…”

Biopsychosocial Wellbeing and Family Support for Menopausal Women in Karnataka

“…enopause is defined as the absence of menses. It is a natural process involving the gradual depletion of ovarian follicle that occurs with advancing age (Moore & Noon, 1999). Because oestrogen is produced primarily in the follicle, responsiveness to follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) results in reduction of circulating oestrogen.…”

“…Because oestrogen is produced primarily in the follicle, responsiveness to follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) results in reduction of circulating oestrogen. As production of oestrogen declines production of FSH increases, initially causing rapid follicular development leading to shortened menstrual cycles (Moore & Noon, 1999).…”