“…Only one subdimension (Preparation), and 11 out of 45 items, were regarded as neither traditional nor modern. Within the subdimension of Ingredients, four out of 11 facets were classified as neither traditional nor modern in the present study (eating salt, fruit, fiber, and meat), although previous research suggests that salt consumption is traditional in Japan [ 4 , 5 ] and international research classifies meat consumption as modern [ 4 , 6 , 7 ] and fruit and fiber consumption as traditional [ 14 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Reasons for this might be that (1) international research suggests that high salt consumption is characteristic of modern eating behavior [ 15 , 26 ], yet salt consumption in Japan might not differ between traditional and modern eating, but instead, might be a marker of both; (2) items might have been formulated suboptimally—e.g., ‘fiber’ being hard for lay people to translate into specific foods; and (3) eating a little bit of meat might be traditional in Japan, but eating a lot of meat might be modern [ 4 ].…”