A Pair of Related Genes with Antagonistic Roles in Mediating Flowering Signals

Kobayashi, Yasushi; Kaya, Hidetaka; Goto, Koji; Iwabuchi, Masaki; Araki, Takashi

doi:10.1126/science.286.5446.1960

Cited by 1,212 publications

(1,235 citation statements)

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“…The ft-1 mutants flower late only in long days, whereas the 35S:FT transgene triggers an extremely early and photoperiodindependent flowering in wild type 19,20 . The soc1 and ful single mutations slightly delayed the strong early flowering in 35S:FT plants 21,22 (Table 1).…”

Section: E T T E R Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Flowering-time genes modulate meristem determinacy and growth form in Arabidopsis thaliana

et al. 2008

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Plants have evolved annual and perennial life forms as alternative strategies to adapt reproduction and survival to environmental constraints. In isolated situations, such as islands, woody perennials have evolved repeatedly from annual ancestors 1 . Although the molecular basis of the rapid evolution of insular woodiness is unknown, the molecular difference between perennials and annuals might be rather small, and a change between these life strategies might not require major genetic innovations 2,3 . Developmental regulators can strongly affect evolutionary variation 4 and genes involved in meristem transitions are good candidates for a switch in growth habit. We found that the MADS box proteins SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1) and FRUITFULL (FUL) not only control flowering time, but also affect determinacy of all meristems. In addition, downregulation of both proteins established phenotypes common to the lifestyle of perennial plants, suggesting their involvement in the prevention of secondary growth and longevity in annual life forms.Plant growth originates from a small number of undifferentiated cells called meristems. Primary meristems are established during embryogenesis and form primary tissues from which all plant organs develop. Secondary meristems, such as axillary meristems and the cambium, originate within primary tissues. Meristems can be determinate-that is, consumed for the formation of an organ-or indeterminate, meaning that they are active throughout the life span of a plant. Upon floral induction in annual plants, vegetative shoot meristems undergo the transition to inflorescence meristems. These inflorescence meristems will remain indeterminate for some time to generate determinate floral meristems giving rise to flowers. Finally, all meristems are consumed and the plants die in the same growing season. In contrast, perennial plants have evolved more elaborate life strategies to survive harsh environmental conditions for many years by forming perennial structures such as overwintering buds, bulbs or tubers, which contain at least one indeterminate meristem for the outgrowth in the next season 2 . Often, perennial plants incorporate enormous amounts of long-lived and eventually dead biomass (wood) through cambial activity (secondary growth).Arabidopsis thaliana is a small annual herb in which floral induction is controlled by different flowering-time pathways. These pathways depend on environmental cues, such as day length (photoperiod) and vernalization (cold temperature), or on plant age. Arabidopsis is a facultative long-day plant that flowers much faster under long (16 h/day) than short (8 h/day) light periods. After perceiving flowering-inducing long days, the key regulator of the photoperiodic pathway, CONSTANS (CO), activates FT (FLOWERING LOCUS T) in the leaf vasculature. The FT protein is transported to apical meristems, where it triggers the floral transition 5 . SOC1 (AGL20) and FUL (AGL8) are MADS box genes acting downstream of FT in apical meristems, but they are ...

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Section: E T T E R Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Flowering-time genes modulate meristem determinacy and growth form in Arabidopsis thaliana

et al. 2008

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“…Also, the presence of FT is controversial. In the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) gene family, the family to which FT and TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) belong 34,35 , the genes in the FT/TFL1 subfamily were suggested to have arisen in seed plants, since they are absent from the genomes of P. patens and S. moellendorffii 36 . Identification of the growthphase transition regulators that are downstream of the MpGI-MpFKF complex will greatly advance our understanding of how photoperiodic growth-phase regulation mechanisms evolved in land plants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-option of a photoperiodic growth-phase transition system during land plant evolution

et al. 2014

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Photoperiodic control of the phase transition from vegetative to reproductive growth is critical for land plants. The GIGANTEA (GI) and FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX1 (FKF1) protein complex controls this process in angiosperms. However, little is known about how plants evolved this regulatory system. Here, we report that orthologues of GI and FKF1 are present in a basal plant, the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, and describe the molecular interaction between their products. Knockout of either the GI or FKF1 orthologue completely abolishes the long-day-dependent growth-phase transition in M. polymorpha. Overexpression of either gene promotes growth-phase transition, even under short-day conditions. Introduction of the GI orthologue partially rescues the late-flowering phenotype of the Arabidopsis thaliana gi mutant. Our findings suggest that plants had already acquired the GI-FKF1 system to regulate growth-phase transition when they colonized land, and that this system was co-opted from gametophyte to sporophyte generation during evolution.

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“…It encodes mobile proteins that are transported from the companion cells of the leaves into the SAM through the phloem (Mathieu et al, 2007). Overexpression of TSF in transgenic plants resulted in early flowering phenotype, similar to plants that overexpressed CO and FT (Kobayashi et al, 1999).…”

Section: Terminal Flower 1 (Tfl1) Twin Sister Of Ft (Tsf) Mother Ofmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…They were crucial to the regulation of photoperiodic flowering time and have been reported by a number of publications (Fowler et al, 1999;Kobayashi et al, 1999;Nelson et al, 2000;Briggs and Olney, 2001;Suarez-Lopez et al, 2001;Sawa et al, 2007;Jang et al, 2009;Zuo et al, 2011;Song et al, 2012). Sequences of the flowering genes in Soybean (Jung et al, 2012;Kim et al, 2012) were obtained from Phytozome v 9.1 database (Goodstein et al, 2012).…”

Section: Mapping Of Reference Genes With Pongamia Databasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first objective of this thesis, as described in Chapters 3-4, was achieved using bioinformatic approaches based on information available in the flowering literature of Arabidopsis and Soybean (Table 1.2), and also molecular biology techniques. The second objective of this thesis, also described in Chapters 3-4, was APETALA1 ( FLOWERING LOCUS T AT1G65480 (Kobayashi et al, 1999) Glyma16g26660 (Jung et al, 2012;Kim et al, 2012;Kong et al, 2010), Glyma16g04830…”

Section: Aim and Objectives Of Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular characterisation of flowering genes in Pongamia Pinnata

Kamde¹

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Pongamia pinnata (Pongamia) is a multipurpose tree that has been used traditionally for medicine, green manure, insecticide, fuel and also a source of timber. It is an indigenous plant to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, and has been successfully introduced to Northern Australia, New Zealand and several other countries with humid tropical lowlands. Recently, Pongamia has attracted interest as one of the alternative feedstock for biodiesel productions due to its ability to produce seeds with high oil content. The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition of Pongamia met the biodiesel specification standards of USA (ASTMD 6751), Germany (DIN 51606) and European Standard Organisation (EN 14214), and is considered as one of the most suitable sources of biodiesel. Despite the positive attributes described above, Pongamia is not a domesticated species and further research is required for the selection of elite cultivars with desirable traits optimal for large scale production of Pongamia oil. In addition, limited information is currently available regarding the flowering mechanism of Pongamia at the molecular level that could provide the platform for the development of oil-rich seeds.The aim of this thesis is to provide insight and increase the understanding of the genetic network that leads to flowering in Pongamia. Based on large phenotypic diversity of Pongamia, this information could subsequently be used to determine and select traits with unique flowering time that will allow a harvesting window, where harvesting process will not clash with flowering. The first objective of this project is to identify, isolate and characterise the candidate genes that regulate flowering time in Pongamia. This was achieved using molecular biology techniques and bioinformatic approaches based on the information available on flowering mechanisms of Arabidopsis and soybean in the literature. The second objective of this project is to determine the expression pattern of isolated genes during flowering onset. This was achieved through transcriptome methodologies such as RT-PCR and qRT-PCR. The third objective of this project is to investigate the genetic variety of Pongamia. This was achieved through Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) analysis and its correlation with the late flowering phenotype of Pongamia.PpCOL-1 and PpPHYB are the two genes that were investigated in this thesis. The orthologue genes of PpCOL-1 and PpPHYB are involved in the flowering regulation of the annual plant Arabidopsis.Since Arabidopsis and Pongamia are both long day plants, it is postulated that these genes might play a role in the flowering time control in Pongamia. PpCOL-1 and PpPHYB were successfully isolated, characterised and compared to their respective orthologue genes in Arabidopsis, Soybean and Medicago. It was found that the amino acid residues within the domain regions in these genes iii are highly conserved in Pongamia. Interestingly, there were no significant differences in the expression patterns of PpCOL-1 and PpPHYB in...

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A Pair of Related Genes with Antagonistic Roles in Mediating Flowering Signals

Cited by 1,212 publications

References 21 publications

Flowering-time genes modulate meristem determinacy and growth form in Arabidopsis thaliana

Flowering-time genes modulate meristem determinacy and growth form in Arabidopsis thaliana

Co-option of a photoperiodic growth-phase transition system during land plant evolution

Molecular characterisation of flowering genes in Pongamia Pinnata

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