A paper based, all organic, reference-electrode-free ion sensing platform

Kofler, Johannes; Nau, Sebastian; List‐Kratochvil, Emil J. W.

doi:10.1039/c5tb00387c

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…This discharge process can also be treated numerically as described in our previous work. 25 Within this discharge region the ISEs do not provide a reference potential to the respective working ISE. However, at larger pulse times (~ > 5 s), the response can be used as a reference potential.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…25 : First, the design of the PEDOT:PSS electrodes was printed in black & white on a copy-paper (copy paper "Blustar" 80 g/m²). The PEDOT:PSS electrodes are simply structured by drop casting PEDOT:PSS (Clevios TM PH 1000) onto these printed electrodes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…25 We furthermore replaced the commonly used counter electrodereference electrode setup by a second, identical ISE. This second ISE serves two purposes.…”

Section: Ii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, we presented a truly low-cost, all organic and most importantly, reference-electrode free K + sensing platform. 25 Though, this ion sensing platform exhibited excellent stability over three months, it required ca. 15 measurement cycles to obtain a steady state response curve.…”

Section: Ii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…25 . The mechanism is chemically based on the recognition of an aqueous target ion by an ionophore, which thermodynamically facilitates selective ion transfer (IT) into the membrane.…”

Section: Ii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A paper-based all organic ion sensor

2015

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Using a so called pulsetrode concept and two identical ion selective electrodes (ISEs), the concentration of alkali metal ions can be measured without using a reference electrode. This measurement method was demonstrated recently, using all organic ISEs which have been fabricated by simplest means on a plain sheet of paper. Though, this low-cost, all organic ion sensing platform exhibited excellent stability over three months, it required a time consuming conditioning prior to measurement (> 1 h). Here, we present a new measurement method which employs a square wave current rather than a single current pulse which is followed by a long regeneration time. This method reduces the conditioning time to 6 minutes, using the same low-cost sensing platform. Furthermore, after the initial conditioning, a quasi continuous measurement is possible. Additionally, using ISEs with different surface areas, a low-cost and simple threshold sensor is demonstrated.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…25 We furthermore replaced the commonly used counter electrodereference electrode setup by a second, identical ISE. This second ISE serves two purposes.…”

Section: Ii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…25 . The mechanism is chemically based on the recognition of an aqueous target ion by an ionophore, which thermodynamically facilitates selective ion transfer (IT) into the membrane.…”

Section: Ii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A paper-based all organic ion sensor

2015

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A Disposable Planar Paper‐Based Potentiometric Ion‐Sensing Platform

Stein

Bühlmann

2016

Angewandte Chemie

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Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) are widely used tools for fast and accurate ion sensing. Herein their design is simplified by embedding ap otentiometric cell into paper, complete with an ISE, areference electrode,and apaper-based microfluidic sample zone that offer the full function of ac onventional ISE setup.T he disposable planar paper-based ion-sensing platform is suitable for low-cost point-of-care and in-field testing applications.T he design is symmetrical and each interfacial potential within the cell is well defined and reproducible,s ot hat the response of the device can be theoretically predicted. Forademonstration of clinical applications,p aper-based Cl À and K + sensors are fabricated with highly reproducible and linear responses towards different concentrations of analyte ions in aqueous and biological samples.The single-use devices can be fabricated by ascalable method, do not need any pretreatment prior to use,a nd only require asample volume of 20 mL.Ion sensing is an important topic in various fields,s uch as clinical and environmental analysis.[1] As often introduced in general chemistry courses,s elective and quantitative ion sensing can be achieved with ap otentiometric cell that comprises an ion-selective electrode (ISE), ar eference electrode,and avoltmeter as areadout tool. It has been estimated that each year over ab illion measurements with ISEs are performed globally in clinical laboratories alone.[1a] Besides detection of analytes with low (for example,K + ,Na)and high valence charges (such as heparin), [2] biosensing of proteins [3] and detection of electrically neutral species have been achieved with ISEs. [4] With the growing demand for point-of-care and in-field testing,p aper has recently attracted much attention as as imple,a ffordable,f lexible,a nd scalable substrate for microfluidic assays.[5] Although paper-based colorimetric sensors offer the advantage of simple data interpretation, detection with electrochemical techniques is insensitive to color interferences and is generally more quantitative. [6] Existing paper-based ion sensors rely on various techniques, including potentiometry, [7] coulometry, [8] chronopotentiometry, [9] and colorimetry. [10] Paper was used in these devices either as am icrofluidic sampling tool or as as ubstrate to mechanically support the sensing components.S trip-type ISEs known as Ektachem slides were available in the 1980s, [11] and were recently adapted with ap aper substrate to support carbon nanotubes or conducting polymers as solid contacts.[7b,c] Although miniaturizable,t hese devices need cumbersome electrode conditioning and individual calibration. A more integrated device,reported by Whitesides et al.,utilizes ar eusable ISE membrane placed between two disposable wax-imprinted paper substrates.[7d] With different ISE membranes,v arious clinically relevant ions can be detected. However,t he ISE membranes have to be well conditioned, and the devices have to be carefully assembled and calibrated, which may impede their practical ...

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