“…Moreover, the Polish government neglected basic requirements while trying to introduce all-postal voting (Musiał-Karg and Kapsa, 2020): - legal and technical conditions for all-postal voting in Poland did not comply with legal requirements and democratic election principles (Zissis et al , 2012; López-Pintor, 2010), e.g. the criterion of generality (Polish citizens living in countries with lockdown could not vote) which implies equal treatment under and by the law (Buchanan and Congleton, 1998, p. 8) and secrecy (envelopes were so thin that anyone could easily read through them; Pierzgalski and Stępień, 2017; House of Commons, 2004);
- an unconstitutional amendment was adopted during the ongoing election process (Venice Commission, 2002);
- the National Electoral Commission was excluded from the electoral process;
- the Polish Post was engaged, although it could not provide a trusted postal service (Krimmer and Volkamer, 2007);
- lack of information campaign to instruct citizens about new voting solutions and procedures;
- non-transparent public spending;
- failure to implement all-postal voting within ca 2 months (it took Switzerland 30 years to test and develop postal voting; Luechinger et al , 2006; Germann and Serdült, 2017); and
- failure to prepare the election process in a way that does not put voters and election officers health at risk (Opinion, 2020).
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