The adoption of new redistricting plans for the 2014 elections to local legislatures in Poland resulted in significant violations of the “one person, one vote” principle. This article shows the results of the first comparative study measuring within-country variation of voter inequality, using data from the 2014 Polish local elections to 1,200 commune or municipal councils, that is, local legislatures. Voter inequality is usually examined at the country or state level, while studies that take into account within-country variation of malapportionment, using local election data, are neglected by scholars. To put our research in a broader context, we compared levels of malapportionment in Poland with internationally recognized standards (contained, e.g., in the Code of Good Practice in Electoral Matters issued by the Venice Commission) as to the acceptable levels of deviations from the “ideal” population, and also with empirical findings on the levels of voter inequality in other countries. We argue that the significant vote–value disparities in elections to commune councils in Poland result primarily from the disadvantages of the Polish 2011 Election Code. When it comes to local legislature elections in the vast majority of communes that are not the so-called county-status towns, the legally permitted deviation from the ideal district population ranges from +50 percent to −50 percent. Even considering the standards of redistricting for local elections, the interpretation of the “one person, one vote” principle is rather peculiar in Polish commune elections.
Large proportions of spoilt ballots may lead to a distortion of election results. While invalid votes are sometimes meaningful political acts, reflecting political protest, spoilt ballot papers may also be a consequence of voter error, which can be attributed to the poor design of a ballot paper. In this study, we focus on the widely publicized case of the Polish local elections of 2014. These elections saw unprecedentedly large proportions of spoilt votes, and ballot paper format was often mentioned as a potential culprit. Yet it remains largely unclear whether or not there indeed does exist a cause-and-effect relationship between ballot card format and the tendency of voters to cast invalid votes. We argue that what we deliver here is the first methodologically refined test of the aforementioned hypothesis. We apply the generalized synthetic control comparative method, proposed by Yiquing Xu (in 2017), and show that the implementation of a complex or ambiguous ballot design can result in a substantial increase in the rate of spoilt votes. We thus demonstrate that ballot paper design matters. Specifically, the results of this study corroborate the existence of a cause-and-effect relationship between ballot paper format and the fraction of invalid votes in the 2014 municipal elections in Poland.
W wyborach demokratycznych zdarza się, że na skutek zgłoszenia tylko jednego kandydata zostaje przeprowadzony plebiscyt – jest to tzw. elekcja niekonkurencyjna (ang. uncontested election). W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań terenowych nad zjawiskiem wyborów niekonkurencyjnych wójtów, burmistrzów, prezydentów miast (WBP), dokonano triangulacji metod – dane zebrane w terenie poddano jakościowemu opracowaniu, a następnie wnioski z realizacji terenowej skonfrontowano (tam, gdzie to oczywiście możliwe) z danymi zastanymi (Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej oraz Banku Danych Lokalnych Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego). W analizie jakościowej zastosowano dwupoziomowe kodowanie zmiennych oraz podejście indukcyjne, natomiast w analizie ilościowej regresję logistyczną oraz metody graficzne (wykresy pudełkowe i mapy). Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań pokazują, że wy- borom niekonkurencyjnym sprzyjają: duży margines zwycięstwa urzędującego WBP w elekcji poprzedzającej elekcję niekonkurencyjną, jego zwycięstwo w I turze głosowania, wielkość gminy (rozumiana jako liczba mieszkańców) oraz subiektywnie pojmowane zadowolenie mieszkańców ze zrealizowanych w gminie inwestycji.
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