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Borders often have an effect on change, leading mainly to dd [dialect diversification] between dialects on either side of the border, and simultaneously dc [dialect convergence] between dialects on the same side. Borders are natural (e.g., rivers, swamp areas, mountain chains) or made by humans (tribal, political, and ecclesiastical boundaries).Perceptual dialectology (Preston & Long, 1999–2002) has shown that folk perceptions and linguistic attitudes play an important part in identity formation processes (for Canada, see McKinnie & Dailey-O’Cain, 2002). Britain (2010) considers perceptual elements, together with linguistic and social aspects, the vantage points of interpretations of space in dialectology.…”