“…Municipally owned corporations (MOCs) are autonomous organizations owned by municipalities, used to produce or deliver local public services outside the local bureaucracy (Voorn, Van Genugten, & Van Thiel, 2017). MOCs are, on aggregate, more efficient than local bureaucracies, at least in water and waste management (Ball, Broadbent, & Jarvis, 2006; Bui, Tsai, Tseng, & Ali, 2020; Corsini, Rizzi, Gusmerotti, & Frey, 2013; Eden, 1998; Higgs & Hill, 2018; Ikhlayel, 2018; Lamboglia, Fiorentino, Mancini, & Garzella, 2018; Perey, Benn, Agarwal, & Edwards, 2018; Pollach, Scharl, & Weichselbraun, 2006; Tsai, Bui, Tseng, Wu, & Chiu, 2020; Young, Russell, Robinson, & Chintakayala, 2017), transit services and development sectors (Voorn, Van Genugten, & Van Thiel, 2017). As to the advantages and synergies deriving from the interaction between public and private elements (Bovaird, 2004), part of the academic literature highlights several inefficiencies arising from MOCs, when compared to fully private firms (Vining, Boardman, & Moore, 2014) Such inefficiencies derive from the existence of limited competition in the market where these organizations operate, as well as to political proximity (Sapienza, 2004).…”