“…From the observations of ionospheric perturbations associated with large earthquakes, several models have been proposed to explain the seismo-ionospheric coupling mechanism; these include an electromagnetic-wave-penetrating model from the lithosphere to the ionosphere (Molchanov et al, 1995), an acoustic-wave-propagating model (Hegai et al, 1997) and electrical-field-coupling models related to radon emission, aerosol accumulation, rock current and surface charge (Pulinets, 2004(Pulinets, , 2009Sorokin et al, 2007;Kuo et al, 2011). The last model plays an important role in explaining the ionospheric disturbances related to seismic activities in plasma parameters, such as the perturbations in GPS TEC (total electron content), foF2 and electron density; The histogram of distribution probability at different correlation coefficients before and after global earthquakes (in the right corner of the panel, the exponential decay has been fitted between the counts (variable y) and different coefficient scales (variable x); furthermore, the correlation coefficient R has been calculated).…”