A pH‐Activatable Prodrug and Metal Prodrug Conjugate of Gossypol: Synthesis, Emergent Photophysical, Nanoscopic, Computational, and in‐Vitro Cellular Studies

Abstract

The major hurdle to the success of many potent chemotherapeutic drugs is the lack of stability of their active form suited for a particular mode of action. Efforts are needed to stabilize such functionalities by employing new and novel strategies to overcome challenges. In this study, tumorenvironment-specific, pH-activatable prodrug and metal-prodrug conjugate has been developed to ameliorate the side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs bearing reactive functionalities. As a proof of concept, a pre-clinically tested natural compound, gossypol, was modified to form a pH-responsive prodrug by incorporating an imine linkage amenable to form confined molecular structures through coordination with a bio-relevant and nontoxic zinc metal ion. Detailed photo-physical, computational, and nanoscopic studies revealed the unique zinc ion coordination behavior and its effect on molecular confinement. Computational studies demonstrated that an increasing degree of complexation, with Zn-NÀ Py coordination, gradually turns off fluorescence by reducing the band gap that allows nonradiative decay. In-vitro prodrug activation and release of gossypol from gossyzid and gossyzid-Zn were assessed by ESI-MS and RP-HPLC studies. The gossyzid and gossyzid-Zn demonstrated pH-specific cytotoxicity validated by the number of in-vitro cellular assays. Such a strategy can essentially be adapted to strengthen many chemotherapeutic drugs to enhance their efficacy and reduce side effects.