A photorefractive organically modified silica glass with high optical gain

Cheben, Pavel; Monte, Francisco del; Worsfold, Dennis J.; Carlsson, D. J.; Grover, C. P.; Mackenzie, John D.

doi:10.1038/35040513

Cited by 129 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This property is attractive for flat-panel displays, [1,2] optical storage, [3] biolabels, [4] solid-state lasers, [5] and light-emitting diodes.[6] High UC luminescence efficiency is typically generated by bulk materials [1] and colloidal nanocrystals [7] of hexagonal-phase lanthanide-doped rare-earth fluorides, but nanoarrays of single crystals are more desirable for solid-state lasers. The UC luminescence efficiency can be enhanced if the nanoarrays are aligned with photonic-crystal microstructures, and the faceted end planes of well-shaped crystals serve as good laser-cavity mirrors.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Uniform Nanostructured Arrays of Sodium Rare‐Earth Fluorides for Highly Efficient Multicolor Upconversion Luminescence

et al. 2007

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Upconversion (UC) phosphors emit high-energy photons when they are excited by low-energy photons. This property is attractive for flat-panel displays, [1,2] optical storage, [3] biolabels, [4] solid-state lasers, [5] and light-emitting diodes.[6] High UC luminescence efficiency is typically generated by bulk materials [1] and colloidal nanocrystals [7] of hexagonal-phase lanthanide-doped rare-earth fluorides, but nanoarrays of single crystals are more desirable for solid-state lasers. The UC luminescence efficiency can be enhanced if the nanoarrays are aligned with photonic-crystal microstructures, and the faceted end planes of well-shaped crystals serve as good laser-cavity mirrors.[8]Herein, we report a general solution-based approach for the preparation of uniform nanostructured arrays of the sodium rare-earth (M) fluorides NaMF 4 . The arrays can be prepared with well-controlled morphologies (tubes, disks, or rods), phases (cubic or hexagonal), sizes (80-900 nm), and compositions. This approach avoids the assistance of templates, applied fields, and undercoating on substrates, [9,10] and is industrially feasible, owing to its ease and low cost. Multicolor UC fluorescence is also generated when the nanoarrays are pumped in the near-infrared (NIR) region; for example, green or blue fluorescence is produced for nanoarrays of NaYF 4 codoped with Yb 3+ and Er 3+ , or Yb 3+and Tm 3+

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confidence: 99%

Uniform Nanostructured Arrays of Sodium Rare‐Earth Fluorides for Highly Efficient Multicolor Upconversion Luminescence

et al. 2007

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“…Phthalocyanine (Pc) and metallophthalocyanine (M-Pcs) dyes are large macrocyclic molecules that possess unique physicochemical properties and find diverse potential applications such as optical signal recording processes, [1] optical memory systems, [2] liquid crystal displays, [3] optical switches, [4] photovoltaic cells, [5] catalysis in the photooxidation of pollutants, [6] and photodynamic therapy, besides their traditional use in paint formulation [7] and organic floating gate memory transistors. [8] These properties originate from their electronic delocalization, which arises from stacking of the disc-shaped rigid Pc rings as a result of p-p interactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Block Copolymer Micelles with Near Infrared Metal Phthalocyanine Dyes for Laser Induced Writing

Acharya¹,

Yoon²,

Park³

et al. 2010

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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A route has been developed to disperse metal-containing phthalocyanine dyes in a non-polar medium based on amphiphilic block copolymer micelles of poly[styrene-block-(4-vinylpyridine)] (PS-b-P4VP) and poly[styrene-block-(acrylic acid)] (PS-b-PAA) copolymers. Polar P4VP and PAA efficiently encapsulate cobalt(II), manganese(II), and nickel(II) phthalocyanine dyes by axial coordination of nitrogen and µ-oxo bridged dimerization with the transition metals, respectively. Good dispersion of the dyes is confirmed by the linear enhancement of Q-bands in UV-vis absorption spectra with dye concentration. A thin monolayered PS-b-P4VP micelle film that contained a nickel(II) phthalocyanine dye which efficiently adsorbs a laser beam on a localized area to generate a local heat higher than the glass transition temperatures of both blocks. One-dimensional laser writing on the dye-containing film allows the fabrication of a few submicrometer wide line patterns in which the self-assembled nanostructure of the block copolymer is modified by the directional heat arising from laser scanning.

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“…Thus, usual asymmetric energy transfer occurs in the presence of an external electric field. However, several reports on asymmetric two-beam-coupling gains without the application of an external electric field have been reported for carbazole-based PR polymers, 93,94,111,112 azobenzene derivatives in matrices 113 and carbazole-azobenzene monolithic compound-based PR polymers. [114][115][116] Asymmetric two-beam coupling has also been reported in high T g non-poled PR polymers with carbazole and azobenzene moieties as pendant groups.…”

Section: Pr Response In a Centrosymmetric Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular design of photorefractive polymers

Tsutsumi

2016

Polym J

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This review article describes the current state-of-the-art research on organic photorefractive polymer composites. A historical background on photorefractive materials is first introduced and is followed by a discussion on the opto-physical aspects and the mechanism of photorefractivity. The molecular design of photorefractive polymers and organic compounds is discussed, followed by a discussion on optical applications of the photorefractive polymers. Polymer Journal (2016) 48, 571-588; doi:10.1038/pj.2015.131; published online 27 January 2016 BACKGROUND In this report, the molecular design of organic photorefractive (PR) polymers is reviewed. Organic PR polymers are materials that possess both electro-optical and photoconductive properties. Research on photoconductive polymers, whose pioneering polymer is poly(N-vinyl carbazole) (PVK, PVCz), began in the 1960s. From the 1980s, research on organic nonlinear optical (NLO) materials has been widely conducted in the fields of organic electro-optics and optical nonlinearity. From the 1990s, new technology using organic photorefractivity combined with photoconductive and electro-optical properties was introduced in the field of organic semiconducting materials, 1 and organic light-emitting diodes 2-6 and organic fieldeffect transistors 7 were also debuted in this field. At the same time, the interest of researchers also turned toward the development of organic photovoltaic cells and organic solar cells. [8][9][10][11] The transport of charge carriers through photoconductive manifolds is a common phenomenon found in PR, organic light-emitting diode or organic photovoltaic materials. Thus, the development of materials in each field is expected to merge together to trigger the development of novel materials.The PR effect is a well-known phenomenon that is observed in materials in which refractive index modulation is induced by the space-charge field that results from the redistribution of positive and negative charge carriers separated through photo-excitation. 12 This phenomenon was first reported in inorganic crystals of lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ) and lithium tantalate (LiTaO 3 ) and was observed through heterogeneous optically induced refractive indices in 1966. 13 Since then, the PR effect has extensively been investigated in many inorganic crystals, and theoretical approaches have been established to explain this phenomenon. 14 In 1991, 1 the first study of PR polymers reported a low diffraction efficiency of 10 −3 to 1% and a small optical gain of 0.33 cm À1 . In 1994, 15 a high diffraction efficiency of 86% (the remaining 14% was attributed to optical losses) and a large optical gain exceeding 200 cm À1 was reported in photoconductive PVK-based PR composites. Over the past two decades, many featured review articles [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] and book

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A photorefractive organically modified silica glass with high optical gain

Cited by 129 publications

References 18 publications

Uniform Nanostructured Arrays of Sodium Rare‐Earth Fluorides for Highly Efficient Multicolor Upconversion Luminescence

Uniform Nanostructured Arrays of Sodium Rare‐Earth Fluorides for Highly Efficient Multicolor Upconversion Luminescence

Block Copolymer Micelles with Near Infrared Metal Phthalocyanine Dyes for Laser Induced Writing

Molecular design of photorefractive polymers

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