A physically based model for evaluating the photon detection efficiency and the temporal response of SPAD detectors

Gulinatti, Angelo; Rech, Ivan; Assanelli, Mattia; Ghioni, M.; Cova, S.

doi:10.1080/09500340.2010.536590

Cited by 25 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The structure has been modified in order to improve the PDE in the red / near-infrared range. To this aim, the thickness of the p − layer has been considerably increased (from about 3 to about 10 µm) in order to improve the photon absorption probability, especially for the longer wavelengths [38] . Actually, other modifications to the device structure are needed in order to optimize device performance.…”

Section: Re-spad: Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon technologies for arrays of Single Photon Avalanche Diodes

et al. 2016

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In order to fulfill the requirements of many applications, we recently developed a new technology aimed at combining the advantages of traditional thin and thick silicon Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPAD). In particular we demonstrated single-pixel detectors with a remarkable improvement in the Photon Detection Efficiency in the red/near-infrared spectrum (e.g. 40% at 800nm) while maintaining a timing jitter better than 100ps. In this paper we discuss the limitations of such Red-Enhanced (RE) technology from the point of view of the fabrication of small arrays of SPAD and we propose modifications to the structure aimed at overcoming these issues. We also report the first preliminary experimental results attained on devices fabricated adopting the improved structure.

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Section: Re-spad: Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon technologies for arrays of Single Photon Avalanche Diodes

et al. 2016

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“…The structure has been modified in order to improve the PDE in the red/near-infrared range. To this aim, the thickness of the p − layer has been considerably increased (from about 3 to about 10 μm) in order to improve the photon absorption probability, especially for the longer wavelengths [30] . Actually, other modifications to the device structure are needed in order to optimize device performance.…”

Section: Re-spad: Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…First of all, the Boron dopant into the buried layer would experience a significant diffusion leading to an increased thickness of the neutral zone beneath the active region. Since the lifetime of the slow component of the temporal response of the device is quadratically related to that thickness [30] , this solution is incompatible with the requirements of many time-resolved applications. Similarly, also the Boron peak introduced into the quasi-intrinsic layer would experience a broadening, with a strong impact on the electric field profile in the multiplication region.…”

Section: Re-spad: Isolation Issues and Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New silicon technologies enable high-performance arrays of single photon avalanche diodes

et al. 2013

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In order to fulfill the requirements of many applications, we recently developed a new technology aimed at combining the advantages of traditional thin and thick silicon Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPAD). In particular we demonstrated single-pixel detectors with a remarkable improvement in the Photon Detection Efficiency at the longer wavelengths (e.g. 40% at 800nm) while maintaining a timing jitter better than 100ps. In this paper we will analyze the factors the currently prevent the fabrication of arrays of SPADs by adopting such a Red-Enhanced (RE) technology and we will propose further modifications to the device structure that will enable the fabrication of high performance RE-SPAD arrays for photon timing applications.

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Section: Zonal and Modal Fittingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although operating temperature is the main contributor to the DCR, any non--photo generated carrier such as diffusion from neutral regions, band--to--band tunnelling or after--pulsing adds to the DCR. After--pulses result from carriers trapped during an avalanche current flow and then released by trapping centres, which affect the linearity and generate additional noise (Gulinatti et al, 2011).The ideal SPAD array would have all in--pixel architecture, maximum fill factor, high quantum efficiency and time resolution, while providing minimum dark--count, dead time and optical crosstalk. At the present state, SPAD development selectively 68 addresses a few of these objectives, tailoring the detector for a specific application.…”

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confidence: 99%

Multifocal multiphoton microscopy with adaptive optical correction

et al. 2013

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Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is a remarkably versatile technique in biologicalimaging. MPM provides increased depth over confocal imaging and can be combined with other imaging techniques such as fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), adding functional information. FLIM read--out is relatively straightforward using time--correlated single photon counting (TCSPC). Fluorescence lifetime detection enhances the power of multiphoton imaging to allow three dimensional, concentration independent, measurements of environmental parameters such as pH, Oxygen tension and Ca 2+ in addtion to the interaction or conformational modification of proteins by Förster resonant energy transfer (FRET); the latter is a particular focus of the Dimbleby research groups at King's CollegeLondon. However, there are significant limitations in both FLIM and MM.Limitations of TCSPC--FLIM include prolonged acquisition times along with signal and resolution degradation as a function of depth. This thesis demonstrates advancements multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging through improvements in two principal areas: speed and resolution at depth.In order to improve acquistion rates a multifocal multiphoton microscope (MMM) capable of rapid, parallelized TCSPC--FLIM was developed --MegaFLI. Acquisitions demonstrate rapid 3--dimensional, high temporal resolution FLIM in vivo Zebrafish.Performed by massively parallel excitation/detection the speed is signficantly improved by a factor of 64.In parallel to the MegaFLI project, a second microscope employing adaptive optical correction has been developed. The introduction of Adaptive Optics (AO) serves to improve imaging quality by counteracting the refractive index heterogeneities introduced by the sample, limiting the imaging depth. Incorporated with a single beam scanning FLIM system, a pupil--segmentation AO--TCSPC--FLIM demonstrates improved signal--to--noise ratio (SNR) and resolution, permiting a more accurate determination of fluorescent lifetime in turbid media. 3 DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIPThe work present is my own work with the exception of TRI2, which was developed The introduction (Chapter 1) concentrates on optical methods developed in the context of multiphoton microscopy (MPM) or more specifically two--photon microscopy (TPM) (Denk et al., 1990). TPM enables long--term imaging of in vivo biological specimens, image generation at increased tissue depth, and higher signal--to--noise images compared to wide--field and confocal approaches (Helmchen and In comparison to confocal microscopy, two--photon microscopy (TPM) offers considerable benefits since excitation is confined to a femtolitre volume in the vicinity of the focal plane, reducing overall photobleaching and phototoxicity of thick samples (Centonze and White, 1998;Denk et al., 1990;Helmchen and Denk, 2005;Williams et al., 2001). Out--of--focus excitation is avoided due to the localization of the excitation making the confocal pinhole obsolete (Amos and Where is the numerical aperture of the obj...

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A physically based model for evaluating the photon detection efficiency and the temporal response of SPAD detectors

Cited by 25 publications

References 23 publications

Silicon technologies for arrays of Single Photon Avalanche Diodes

Silicon technologies for arrays of Single Photon Avalanche Diodes

New silicon technologies enable high-performance arrays of single photon avalanche diodes

Multifocal multiphoton microscopy with adaptive optical correction

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