A pilot study to investigate the induction and manipulation of learned helplessness in healthy adults

Taylor, Joseph J.; Neitzke, Daniel J.; Khouri, George; Borckardt, Jeffrey J.; Acierno, Ron; Tuerk, Peter W.; Schmidt, Matthew; George, Mark S.

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.045

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Thus, cognitive abilities play a role in the IGT at the later trials of the task. Classical studies indicate that exposure to uncontrollability leads to disturbances in cognitive tasks (Hiroto and Seligman, 1975 ; Miller and Seligman, 1975 ) and a recent study also demonstrated a tendency in that direction (Taylor et al, 2014 ). Recent research suggests that stress can also lead to reduced performance in cognitive tasks (Starcke et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Exposure to Unsolvable Anagrams Impairs Performance on the Iowa Gambling Task

Starcke

Agorku

Brand

2017

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Recent research indicates that external manipulations, such as stress or mood induction, can affect decision-making abilities. In the current study, we investigated whether the exposure to an unsolvable task affected subsequent performance on the Iowa Gambling Task. Participants were randomly assigned to a condition in which they were exposed to unsolvable anagrams (n = 20), or a condition in which they worked on solvable anagrams (n = 22). Afterwards, all participants played the Iowa Gambling Task, a prominent task that measures decision making under uncertain conditions with no explicit rules for gains and losses. In this task, it is essential to process feedback from previous decisions. The results demonstrated that participants who worked on unsolvable anagrams made more disadvantageous decisions on the Iowa Gambling Task than the other participants. In addition, a significant gender effect was observed: Males who worked on unsolvable anagrams made a more disadvantageous decisions than the other male participants. Females who worked on unsolvable anagrams also made more disadvantageous decision than the other female participants, but differences were small and not significant. We conclude that the exposure to unsolvable anagrams induced the experience of uncontrollability which can elicit stress and learned helplessness. Stress and learned helplessness might have reduced the ability to learn from the given feedback, particularly in male participants. We assume that in real life, uncontrollable challenges that last longer than a single experimental manipulation can affect decision making severely, at least in males.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Exposure to Unsolvable Anagrams Impairs Performance on the Iowa Gambling Task

Starcke

Agorku

Brand

2017

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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“…One such possibility is that the observed results could have stemmed from a mechanism akin to “learned helplessness”, resulting from the lack of control induced by corrupted feedback 8 . However, while lack of control is known to impair performance 20,21 , this mechanism cannot explain the increase in cue congruence (CCI). The shift in responses towards cues was not deliberate, since such a shift in response strategy would have given high CCIs (approaching the maximum value of 100, see Materials and Methods).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustained effects of corrupted feedback on perceptual inference

Varrier

Stuke

Guggenmos

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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Feedback is central to most forms of learning, and its reliability is therefore critical. Here, we investigated the effects of corrupted, and hence unreliable, feedback on perceptual inference. Within the framework of Bayesian inference, we hypothesised that corrupting feedback in a demanding perceptual task would compromise sensory information processing and bias inference towards prior information if available. These hypotheses were examined by a simulation and in two behavioural experiments with visual detection (experiment 1) and discrimination (experiment 2) tasks. Both experiments consisted of two sessions comprising intervention runs with either corrupted or uncorrupted (correct) feedback, and pre- and post-intervention tests to assess the effects of feedback. In the tests alone, additional prior beliefs were induced through predictive auditory cues to assess sustained effects of feedback on the balance between sensory evidence and prior beliefs. Both experiments and the simulation showed the hypothesised decrease in performance and increased reliance on prior beliefs after corrupted but not uncorrupted feedback. Exploratory analyses indicated reduced confidence regarding perceptual decisions during delivery of corrupted feedback. Our results suggest that corrupted feedback on perceptual decisions leads to sustained changes in perceptual inference, characterised by a shift from sensory likelihood to prior beliefs when those are accessible.

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“…A prefrontal rTMS study in healthy young adults showed they had increased resilience after even a single session. 45 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining therapeutic approaches: rTMS and aerobic exercise in post-stroke depression: a case series

VanDerwerker

Ross

Stimpson

et al. 2017

Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation

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Objective and importance Residual effects of stroke include well-documented functional limitations and high prevalence of depression. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and aerobic exercise (AEx) are established techniques that improve depressive symptoms, but a combination of the two has yet to be reported. The purpose of this case series is to examine the safety, feasibility, and impact of combined rTMS and AEx on post-stroke depression and functional mobility. Clinical presentation Three participants with a history of stroke and at least mild depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionare-9 ≥5). Intervention Both rTMS and AEx were completed 3 times/week for 8-weeks. rTMS was applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 5000 pulses/session at 10 Hz, at an intensity of 120% of resting motor threshold. AEx consisted of 40 min of treadmill walking at 50–70% of heart rate reserve. Results Depressive symptoms improved in all three participants, with all demonstrating response (≥50% improvement in symptoms) and likely remission. All participants improved their Six Minute Walk Test distance and Participants 1 and 2 also improved Berg Balance Scale scores. Participants 1 and 3 improved overground walking speeds. No serious adverse events occurred with the application of rTMS or AEx and the participants’ subjective reports indicated positive responses. Adherence rate for both rTMS and AEx was 98%. Conclusion Combined treatment of rTMS and AEx appears safe, feasible, and tolerable in individuals with a history of stroke and at least mild depressive symptoms. All participants had good compliance and demonstrated improvements in both depressive symptoms and walking capacity.

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A pilot study to investigate the induction and manipulation of learned helplessness in healthy adults

Cited by 15 publications

References 37 publications

Exposure to Unsolvable Anagrams Impairs Performance on the Iowa Gambling Task

Exposure to Unsolvable Anagrams Impairs Performance on the Iowa Gambling Task

Sustained effects of corrupted feedback on perceptual inference

Combining therapeutic approaches: rTMS and aerobic exercise in post-stroke depression: a case series

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