A Potential Interplay between HDLs and Adiponectin in Promoting Endothelial Dysfunction in Obesity

Abstract

Obesity is an epidemic public health problem that has progressively worsened in recent decades and is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI) in metabolic tissues and an increased risk of several diseases. In particular, LGCI alters metabolism and increases cardiovascular risk by impairing endothelial function and altering the functions of adiponectin and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). Adiponectin is an adipokine involved in regulating energy metabolism and body composition. Serum adiponectin levels are reduced in obese individuals and negatively correlate with chronic sub-clinical inflammatory markers. HDLs are a heterogeneous and complex class of lipoproteins that can be dysfunctional in obesity. Adiponectin and HDLs are strictly interdependent, and the maintenance of their interplay is essential for vascular function. Since such a complex network of interactions is still overlooked in clinical settings, this review aims to highlight the mechanisms involved in the impairment of the HDLs/adiponectin axis in obese patients to predict the risk of cardiovascular diseases and activate preventive countermeasures. Here, we provide a narrative review of the role of LGCI in altering HDLs, adiponectin and endothelial functions in obesity to encourage new studies about their synergic effects on cardiovascular health and disease.

Serum Levels of Adiponectin Are Strongly Associated with Lipoprotein Subclasses in Healthy Volunteers but Not in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

“…Adiponectin, a protein secreted by the adipose tissue, circulates as a complex of a low-molecular-weight trimer, a medium-molecular-weight hexamer, and a high-molecularweight multimer. Adiponectin serum levels are decreased in obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and MS (reviewed in [8][9][10][11][12][13]). Upon binding to its receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2), adiponectin activates multiple signaling pathways which increase glucose utilization and fatty acid oxidation in the skeletal muscle and, by reducing gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, decreases hepatic glucose production [4,[14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

Studying the possibility of using olive oil and its active components together with atorvastatin in the treatment of biochemical parameters and iron deposition in heart tissue with lung histopathology conditions induced by hypercholesterolemia in male rod

“…Since obesity is associated with chronic inflammation of tissues and increases the risk of many diseases, it is also a public health problem from an epidemiological perspective. Inflammation thus affects the function of the high-density lipoprotein (HDLs), endothelial cells, and adiponectin, and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease Adiponectin also regulates energy metabolism and body composition (Zocchi et al, 2022).…”

Determination of the quality of lipoproteins by Raman spectroscopy in obese and healthy subjects

“…15 Recent evidence also suggests that obesity can alter proteins’ and lipids’ composition and the function of LPs, converting these particles into dysfunctional ones. 8,16 In addition, the oxidation state of LPs is known to be an essential factor in obesity and other pathological contexts, as the level of antioxidants transported by LPs seems to be linked to their functionality. 14,17,18…”

“…15 Recent evidence also suggests that obesity can alter proteins' and lipids' composition and the function of LPs, converting these particles into dysfunctional ones. 8,16 In addition, the oxidation state of LPs is known to be an essential factor in obesity and other pathological contexts, as the level of antioxidants transported by LPs seems to be linked to their functionality. 14,17,18 So far, the quality analysis of the LPs has been lacking a generally accepted gold standard method, and several functional, chromatographic, and biochemical assays have been used depending on the specific biomolecule or property to be studied.…”