“…In addition, according to some farmers' needs, precedence constraints are imposed, i.e., several chains of plants must be considered (Nancel-Penard, et al, 2022). However, the objective is to maximize the profit of land investment with the consideration of precedence constraints (Aslan, et al, 2023). This problem is a variant of the agricultural land investment problem (ALIP) presented by Saleh (Saleh, 2018) with the variant, where precedence constraints have been presented and imposed on pairs of items.…”