A preliminary cytogenetic and hematological study of photocopying machine operators

Gadhia, Pankaj; Patel, D. M.; Solanki, KB; Tamakuwala, DN; Pithawala, M. A.

doi:10.4103/0019-5278.16037

Cited by 20 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This same phenomenon occurs in India where photocopiers are good source of employment and most common machines in Indian markets. 7 The people who operate the machines are exposed to possible hazards associated with it.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides these, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, volatile organic compounds like 1-1, biphenyl p-dichlorobenzene pyrolbenzene and tetrachloroethylene aldehydes are also released into the atmosphere by the machines while in operation. 7 It is well known that superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione are important endogenous antioxidants in human bodies. They play important roles in scavenging free radicals like superoxides (O .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 Most of the photocopy shops/centres in Nigerian universities exhaust one thousand sheets of paper daily for photocopying activities and minimum of 349,000 sheets of duplicating paper per day goes for photocopying in eight selected universities in South West Nigeria. 6 The report of Gadhia et al 7 has also shown that photocopiers are used in many work places as a good source of employment and are common machines in Indian markets. The persons who operate the machines are always exposed to possible hazards associated with it.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18 Haematological study of total red blood cells, total white blood cells, haemoglobin percentage and platelet count from photocopying machine operators did not reveal any untoward variations from normal values and measurement of their blood pressure showed normal pattern. 7 The aim of the present study is to determine the level of oxidative stress markers in the blood of workers occupationally exposed to photocopying machines, evaluate the effect on blood cells, and assess the types and levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in their plasma. To the best of our knowledge, similar or related studies in this category have not been carried out among Nigerian photocopier operators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, Haematological and Oxidative Stress Levels in Commercial Photocopier Operators In Lagos, Nigeria

Awodele

Akindele

Adebowale

et al. 2015

Ghana Medical Journal

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, Haematological and Oxidative Stress Levels in Commercial Photocopier Operators In Lagos, Nigeria

Awodele

Akindele

Adebowale

et al. 2015

Ghana Medical Journal

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“…toner emissions during their work found genotoxic effects in lymphocytes and buccal mucosa cells [Goud et al, 2001[Goud et al, , 2004Gadhia et al, 2005]. All these findings must be interpreted with caution, because only a few toner powders were examined, mostly in an unsystematic fashion, and the results are inconsistent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotoxic effects of three selected black toner powders and their dimethyl sulfoxide extracts in cultured human epithelial A549 lung cells in vitro

Gminski

Decker

Heinz

et al. 2010

Environ and Mol Mutagen

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Until now, the adverse effects of toner powders on humans have been considered to be minimal. However, several recent reports have suggested possible significant adverse health effects from toner dust inhalation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic potential of black toner powders in vitro. For the study of DNA damage, A549 cells were exposed to toner-powder suspensions and to their DMSO extracts, and then subjected to the comet assay and to the in-vitro cytokinesis block micronucleus test (CB-MNvit). Cytotoxic effects of the toner samples were assessed by the erythrosin B assay. Furthermore, size, shape, and composition of the toner powders were investigated. None of the three toner powders or their DMSO extracts reduced cell viability; however, they did induce DNA damage and formed micronuclei at concentrations from 80 to 400 lg cm 22 , although to a varying extent. All toner powders contain considerable amounts of the pigments carbon black and magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) as well as small amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The overall results of our invitro study suggest that the investigated toner-powder samples are not cytotoxic but genotoxic. From the results of the physical and chemical characterization, we conclude that metals and metalloids as components of magnetite, or PAHs as components of the carbon-bearing material, are responsible for the genotoxic effects. Further research is necessary to determine the relevance of these in-vitro observations for private and occupational toner powder exposure.

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Investigations on cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of laser printer emissions in human epithelial A549 lung cells using an air/liquid exposure system

Tang

Gminski

Könczöl

et al. 2011

Environ and Mol Mutagen

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Exposure to emissions from laser printers during the printing process is commonplace worldwide, both in the home and workplace environment. In the present study, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the emission from five low to medium-throughput laser printers were investigated with respect to the release of ozone (O(3) ), volatile organic compounds (VOC), particulate matter (PM), and submicrometer particles (SMP) during standby and operation. Experiments were conducted in a 1 m(3) emission chamber connected to a Vitrocell® exposure system. Cytotoxicity was determined by the WST-1 assay and genotoxicity by the micronucleus test in human A549 lung cells. The five laser printers emitted varying but generally small amounts of O(3) , VOC, and PM. VOC emissions included 13 compounds with total VOC concentrations ranging from 95 to 280 μg/m(3) (e.g., 2-butanone, hexanal, m,p-xylene, and o-xylene). Mean PM concentrations were below 2.4 μg/m(3). SMP number concentration levels during standby ranged from 9 to 26 particles/cm(3). However, three of the printers generated a 90 to 16 × 10(3) -fold increase of SMP during the printing process (maximum 294,460 particles/cm(3)). Whereas none of the printer emissions were found to cause cytotoxicity, emissions from two printers induced formation of micronuclei (P < 0.001), thus providing evidence for genotoxicity. As yet, differences in biological activity cannot be explained on the basis of the specific emission characteristics of the different printers. Because laser printing technology is widely used, studies with additional cytogenetic endpoints are necessary to confirm the DNA-damaging potency and to identify emission components responsible for genotoxicity.

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A preliminary cytogenetic and hematological study of photocopying machine operators

Cited by 20 publications

References 8 publications

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, Haematological and Oxidative Stress Levels in Commercial Photocopier Operators In Lagos, Nigeria

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, Haematological and Oxidative Stress Levels in Commercial Photocopier Operators In Lagos, Nigeria

Genotoxic effects of three selected black toner powders and their dimethyl sulfoxide extracts in cultured human epithelial A549 lung cells in vitro

Investigations on cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of laser printer emissions in human epithelial A549 lung cells using an air/liquid exposure system

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