A primate model for acute and late cerebral vasospasm: Angiographic findings

Abstract

A subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) in the squirrel monkey was produced by injection of blood via a permanently implanted catheter connected to the cisterna magna and a cannula stereotactically inserted into the interpeduncular cistern. Repeated angiographic examinations of the vertebro-basilar and right internal carotid arteries revealed a biphasic vasospasm with a maximal acute spasm at ten minutes and maximal late spasm at six days after blood injection. The present study has shown that a reproducible biphasic vasospasm can be produced in the squirrel monkey and evaluated by repeated angiographic examinations. The model is suitable in the study of basic mechanisms underlying vasospasm in a primate and, due to the size of the animal, autoradiographic evaluation of the cerebral blood flow and metabolism can be performed at an acceptable cost.

Standard intracranialin vivoanimal models of delayed cerebral vasospasm

“…172 Primate. The suggested intracisternal blood injection models of Chow et al 173 178 produced DCVS degrees ranging from 23% to 30% of angiographic vessel narrowing compared to the baseline diameter. In 1980, clinical studies revealed an association between the presence and size of acute SAH seen on CT and the incidence as well as severity of chronic vasospasm.…”

The importance of early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage

“…Unfortunately, the nature of the aSAH (aneurysm rupture) is a sudden, unpredictable phenomenon and consequently most information on events that occur at clinical aSAH comes from observations made during rebleeds in patients. A number of investigators have used this information to develop and characterize animal models of aSAH (Barry et al , 1979; Bederson et al , 1995; Delgado-Zygmunt et al , 1992; Honma et al , 1989; Kader et al , 1990; Khajavi et al , 1997; Ram et al , 1991; Solomon et al , 1985; Veelken et al , 1995; Wanebo et al , 1998). These animal models are accepted as mimics of clinical aSAH and are widely used to study early and delayed brain injury after aSAH (Lee et al , 2009b; Megyesi et al , 1997; Prunell et al , 2003).…”

Hyperacute Vasospasm After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

“…Varsos found basilar vasospasm within 1 h after cisternal blood injection in dogs [14]. This biphasic pattern of vasoconstriction after SAH has been replicated in primates, where data from squirrel-monkeys revealed maximal angiographic vasoconstriction at 10 min after blood injection which resolved and was followed by recurrent spasm maximal at 6 days [15]. The causes of hyperacute vasospasm are unclear and may be multifactorial.…”