A procedure for laser hazard classification under the Z136.1-2000 American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers

Thomas, Robert J.; Rockwell, Benjamin A.; Marshall, Wesley J.; Aldrich, R. C.; Zimmerman, Sheldon; Rockwell, R. James

doi:10.2351/1.1436484

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The measured laser pulse energy in front of the sample arm was 111 mJ∕cm 2 , and the dominant wavelength band was beyond 1064 nm. The American National Standards Institute safety limit beyond 1064 nm is 100 mJ∕cm 2 [22], which is comparable with the used laser pulse energy. To form three-dimensional PA and OCT images, raster scanning was performed along the x-y transverse directions.…”

Section: Experiments Setupmentioning

confidence: 78%

Combined photoacoustic and optical coherence tomography using a single near-infrared supercontinuum laser source

et al. 2013

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We developed an integrated dual-modal photoacoustic and optical coherence tomography (PA-OCT) system using a single near-infrared supercontinuum laser source to simultaneously provide both optical absorption and scattering contrasts. A pulsed broadband supercontinuum source was generated by a pulsed Nd:YAG laser and a photonic-crystal fiber. When we imaged two colored hairs, the black hair was visible in both PA and OCT images, whereas the white hair was only mapped in the OCT image. The single laser source will potentially allow us to implement relatively simple, cheap, and compact dual-modal PA-OCT systems, which are key criteria for fast clinical translation and commercialization.

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Section: Experiments Setupmentioning

confidence: 78%

Combined photoacoustic and optical coherence tomography using a single near-infrared supercontinuum laser source

et al. 2013

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“…5-right, the majority of the significant error leis in the range (80,120] meters. This is considered an acceptable error margin considering the physical limitations of the LiDAR technology with attenuated reflectivity rule (Lichti, 2008;Mittet et al, 2016) dictated by restricting the laser grade to Class-1 for human safety (Thomas et al, 2002). This error is attributed to two factors.…”

Section: Simulated Urban Citymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast Synthetic LiDAR Rendering via Spherical UV Unwrapping of Equirectangular Z-Buffer Images

Hossny,

Saleh,

Attia

et al. 2020

Preprint

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LiDAR data is becoming increasingly essential with the rise of autonomous vehicles. Its ability to provide 360 deg horizontal field of view of point cloud, equips self-driving vehicles with enhanced situational awareness capabilities. While synthetic LiDAR data generation pipelines provide a good solution to advance the machine learning research on LiDAR , they do suffer from a major shortcoming, which is rendering time. Physically accurate LiDAR simulators (e.g. Blensor) are computationally expensive with an average rendering time of 14-60 seconds per frame for urban scenes. This is often compensated for via using 3D models with simplified polygon topology (low poly assets) as is the case of CARLA (Dosovitskiy et al., 2017). However, this comes at the price of having coarse grained unrealistic LiDAR point clouds. In this paper, we present a novel method to simulate LiDAR point cloud with faster rendering time of 1 sec per frame. The proposed method relies on spherical UV unwrapping of Equirectangular Z-Buffer images. We chose Blensor (Gschwandtner et al., 2011) as the baseline method to compare the point clouds generated using the proposed method. The reported error for complex urban landscapes is 4.28cm for a scanning range between 2-120 meters with Velodyne HDL64-E2 parameters. The proposed method reported a total time per frame to 3.2 ± 0.31 seconds per frame. In contrast, the BlenSor baseline method reported 16.2 ± 1.82 seconds.

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“…The optical spot size of PAM system also determines the optical fluence that can be safely delivered into the tissue. Due to the safety concern for in vivo study, the optical fluence is limited by the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) regulated by American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers [17]. Compared to OR-PAM, more optical energy can be used for AR-PAM, due to the larger optical spot size.…”

Section: Principle Of Pammentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoacoustic microscopy: principles and biomedical applications

Liu

Yao

2018

Biomed. Eng. Lett.

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Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has become an increasingly popular technology for biomedical applications, providing anatomical, functional, and molecular information. In this concise review, we first introduce the basic principles and typical system designs of PAM, including optical-resolution PAM and acoustic-resolution PAM. The major imaging characteristics of PAM, i.e. spatial resolutions, penetration depth, and scanning approach are discussed in detail. Then, we introduce the major biomedical applications of PAM, including anatomical imaging across scales from cellular level to organismal level, label-free functional imaging using endogenous biomolecules, and molecular imaging using exogenous contrast agents. Lastly, we discuss the technical and engineering challenges of PAM in the translation to potential clinical impacts.

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A procedure for laser hazard classification under the Z136.1-2000 American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers

Cited by 22 publications

References 5 publications

Combined photoacoustic and optical coherence tomography using a single near-infrared supercontinuum laser source

Combined photoacoustic and optical coherence tomography using a single near-infrared supercontinuum laser source

Fast Synthetic LiDAR Rendering via Spherical UV Unwrapping of Equirectangular Z-Buffer Images

Photoacoustic microscopy: principles and biomedical applications

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