A Proposal of New Reference System for the Standard Axial, Sagittal, Coronal Planes of Brain Based on the Serially-Sectioned Images

Abstract

Sectional anatomy of human brain is useful to examine the diseased brain as well as normal brain. However, intracerebral reference points for the axial, sagittal, and coronal planes of brain have not been standardized in anatomical sections or radiological images. We made 2,343 serially-sectioned images of a cadaver head with 0.1 mm intervals, 0.1 mm pixel size, and 48 bit color and obtained axial, sagittal, and coronal images based on the proposed reference system. This reference system consists of one principal reference point and two ancillary reference points. The two ancillary reference points are the anterior commissure and the posterior commissure. And the principal reference point is the midpoint of two ancillary reference points. It resides in the center of whole brain. From the principal reference point, Cartesian coordinate of x, y, z could be made to be the standard axial, sagittal, and coronal planes.

A 3D swallowing simulation using smoothed particle hydrodynamics

“…The geometry was constructed from cryosection data of a male head provided by the Visible Korean Human data-set (Park et al 2010). Segmentation was performed manually using Amira (Visualization Sciences Group, www.vsg3d.com).…”

“…The FEMs used linear materials and tetrahedral elements. All geometric models were segmented from cryosection of the Visible Korean Human data-set (Park et al 2010). The models are moved with point-to-point springs, and their spring activation forces are determined using forward simulation.…”

Accessible and informative sectioned images and surface models of the maxillofacial area for orthognathic surgery

“…We had already created the sectioned images (intervals, 0.1 mm; pixel size, 0.1 mm; colour depth, 48 bit colour; file format, tagged image file format [TIFF]) and colour-filled images (intervals, 1.0 mm; pixel size, 0.1 mm; colour depth, 8 bit colour; file format, TIFF) of a cadaver head [14,21]. Partial structures of the maxillofacial area were previously outlined and we selectively include them to meet the interest of orthognathic surgery (Table 1).…”

“…In this way, we outlined the sectioned images one by one. All outlines of each structure were then filled with a specific colour semi-automatically to make colour-filled images (pixel size, 0.1 mm; colour depth, 8-bit colour; file format, bitmap [BMP]) [4,13,14].…”

Performane of partial directed coherence subject to volume consuction effects.

“…Observe that according with the standard, it is reasonable to assume a distance of 180 degrees between the electrodes F pz and Oz, and between T 3 and T 4 (See Figure 20b) (GEVINS;LE, 1998;PARK et al, 2010;TOWLE et al, 1993). Therefore it is possible to recognize analogous positions between our proposal and the EEG standard.…”